英语词汇学考前串讲.docx

1、英语词汇学考前串讲英语词汇学考前串讲第一讲： 1.考试题形式分为：.选择题(30分)：完全是考书中的例子，理论与例子的结合,也就是Theory和Example的结合。.填空（10分）：考特例,不是考简单的ExamplesTheory而是考Exceptions.（10分）考试内容：.Typesofmeaningchanges:词意变化的种类.Typesofmeaning:词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。.Languagesbranches:语系与语族,语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。.Feathersofidioms

2、:习语的特点.(10分)考试内容：.TypesofBoundMorphemes:粘着词素的种类.TypesofWordFormations:构词法的种类.TypesofMeaning:词义的种类.TypesofMeaningofIdioms:习语涵义的种类.名词解释(10分)：.简答题(12分)：.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。.名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题，如:AffectedMeaning名词解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为：WhatisAffectedMeaning

3、,brieflyexemplifyit.Optional:可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子.分析题(18分)：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。二.串讲内容：Introduction部分：Lexicology这门课算哪一种学科的分支:Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1) Morphology2)Semantics3)Stylistics4)Etymology5)Lexicography研究lexicology的两大方法:1)Diachronicapproach:历时语言学2)Synchronicapproac

4、h:共时语言学e.g.wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman的词义的变化算Narrowingorspecialization第一章部分：Whatisword?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1)Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;2)Asoundunityoragivensound;3)aunitofmeaning;4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classificationofaword）词根据发音可以分为

5、哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1)simplewords2)complexwords单音节词例子：e.g.Manandfinearesimple多音节词例子：e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmailmanagement可以次划分为manage和-mentmisfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortuneblackmail次划分为black和mailWhatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?1) Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualt

6、hing.e.g.dog.cat2) Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.3)Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?1)Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform,suchasEnglishlan

7、guage.2)ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish3)Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshiporirregularitybetweensoundandform?1)TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans

8、,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.2)Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.3)Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedby

9、theearlyscribes.4)Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1)influencedbyRomans2)Pronunciationchanged3)earlyscribes4)borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g.stimulus(L),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是soundandform不一致。Whatisvoc

10、abulary?Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.ClassificationofWords(本课的一个重点,年年考试都考)Whatistheclassificationo

11、fwords?Howtoclassifywordsinlinguistics?Threecriteria:1)Byuseoffrequency2)Bynotion3)ByoriginByuseoffrequency可划分为：1)Thebasicwordstock2)Non basicwordvocabularyBynotion可划分为：1)Contentword2)FunctionalwordContentwordsarealsoknownasnotionalwords.(Contentwords的别称)Functionalwordsarealsoknownasemptywords,orfor

12、mwords.(Functionalwords的别称)Functionalwordspossessesacharacteristicofbasicwordstock,i.e.stabilityAccordingtoStuartRobertson,etal(1957),* theninefunctionalwords,namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,youWhatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock?1)Allnationalcharacter2)Stability3)Productivity4)Polysemy5)

13、Collocability要把握住Allnationalcharacter的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g.man,woman,fire,watere.g.machine,video,telephonee.g.bow,chariot,knightStabilityisrelative,notabsolute.根据词的usefrequency划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作Nonebasicvocabulary,非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1)Terminologye.g.sonata,algebra2)Jargone.g

14、.Bottomline(Jargon)3)Slange.g.smoky,bear(Slang)4)Argote.g.persuader5)Dialectalwordse.g.station(AusE=ranch)bluid(ScotE=blood)6)Archaismse.g.wilt(will)7)Neologismse.g.email(Neologisms)beaver是girl的slang表达方式，但是二者之间存在着StylisticdifferenceWhichconstitutesthelargernumberamongEnglishvocabulary,contentwordsor

15、functionalwords?Answer:ContentwordsWhatisnativewords?Answer:(1)Byorigin,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedintonativewordsandborrowedwords.(2)NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknowasAnglo-Saxonwords.(3)WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallin

16、number,amountingtoroughly50,000to60,000,buttheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage什么叫borrowedwords?Answer:(1)wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.(2)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodern

17、Englishvocabulary(3)TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.什么叫Denizens?DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.InotherwordstheyhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling,suchasportfromportus(L).Denizen

18、s的例子都要记：Portfromportus(L),cupfromcuppa(L),shiftfromskipta(ON),shirtfromskyrta(ON),changefromchangier(F),porkfromporc(F).什么叫Translation-loans?Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedformtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage,suchaslongtimenoseefrom

19、haojiumeijian(Ch)什么叫Semantic-loans?wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,Buttheirmeaningareborrowed,inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage,suchastheworddream,whichoriginallymeantjoyandmusic,anditsmodernmeaningwasborrowedlaterfromtheNorse.第二章：Thedev

20、elopmentoftheEnglishvocabularyTheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyItisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.(重点：语系划分的标准）Whatisthecriteriatodividelanguagefamilies?Theanswer:1.t

21、hebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstock2.grammar(重点)TheBalto-Slaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesas(选择题内容：)Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,SlovenianandRussian.Indo-European两大分支：1.Easternset2.WesternsetEasternset:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanianWesternset:Celtic,Italic,Hellen

22、ic,Germanic.InthewesternSet,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.Celtic：Scottish,Irish,Welsh,BretonThefiveRomancelanguages,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,RoumanianallbelongtotheItalic.TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,wh

23、icharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.WithVikingsinvasion,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglishlanguage.Itisestimatedthatatleast900wordsofScandinavianoriginhavesurvivedinmodernEnglish.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.Itwasahighlyinf

24、lectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.重点句:ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于(scripts)古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了(earlyscripts)Soundandform真正达到统一是在什么时期？.Soundandformreachedtheirconcordin(ModernEnglishperiod)如果从词汇变化的角度而言，ModernEnglish又可以细划分为earlyperiod,modernperiod.*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一

25、种文化现象的发展时期（重要的选择或填空内容）EarlymodernEnglishappearedintheRenaissanceModernEnglishperiod有什么样的外来语的进入？TheLatinwordsswarmedintoEnglishinearlymodernEnglishperiod现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization)TherichnessofModernEnglishinvocabularyalsoarisesfrom(Colonization)TheEnglishlanguagehasevolvedfromasyntheticla

26、nguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage(重要选择或填空内容)GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabularyThreemainsourcesofnewwords:1)Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology2)Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;3)Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguage2.4ModesofVocabularyDevelopment1)creation2)semanticchange3)borrowi

27、ng2)Semanticchange（还包括外来词的Semanticloans）Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer外来词可以被称作borrowedwords,因此又可以被称作.重点句：borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloanedwords.恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色RevivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.ThisisespeciallytrueofAmericanEnglish.英语从syntheticlanguage发展到presentanalyticallanguage是在英语的哪