考博英语语法重点总结.docx

1、考博英语语法重点总结考博英语语法重点总结独立主格、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、主谓一致、倒装 一、独立主格特征 1.充当句子的状语。 2.有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。 3.名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+分词 4.With+名词（代词）+分词(形容词） 例：a)Itbeingraining,Idecidedtostayathome. b)Speechhavingbeendelivered,discussionstarted. c)heenteredtheroom,withhishandsopen（holdingarifle). (1995)45cliffsnolongercrumbling,

2、thebeachesare46ofthematerialwhichwould47feedthem. 45.A.ForB.AsC.WithD.Because 练习：Dowhatyouneedtodotokeepthewolf_7_fromthedoor,theworld_8_yourthesisadviser,teamleader,orlaboratorydirector.Thenusetherestofyourtime,perhapsatnightorontheweekends,todo_9_youreallywanttodo. 8.A.isB.havingC.beingD.be 二、虚拟语气

3、 1.（should）+动词原形 It+be动词+形容词(-able)(essential,odd,vital,absurd,regrettable,desirable)+that从句 It+be动词+名词(pity,shame)+that从句 It+be动词+过去分词(ordered,begged,voted,moved)+that从句 部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等)+that从句 2.Its(high,about)timethat+动词过去式 wouldrather+动词过去式 (1997)IwouldntbetruthfulifI47saythatteachingishardw

4、ork. 47.A.doB.didC.dontD.didnt (1993)TheCaironewspapersthenextdaycarriedbannerheadlinesaboutthestudentdemonstration52,andthey53thattheprofessorbesenthome. 53.A.orderedB.pleadedC.decidedD.demanded Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.

5、Itishightimethatwe_15_thismessagetoheart. 15.A.tookB.wouldtakeC.willtakeD.shouldtake(2003.3)Itisedifying,anditisasourceofinnersatisfactioneven_54_otherfacetsoflifeprovedisappointing. (evenifotherfacetsoflifeshouldprovedisappointing.) 54.A.shallB.willC.wouldD.should 三、非谓语动词 动名词、分词、不定式。 主动或被动。(doing/d

6、one,todo/tobedone) 发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/havingdone/havingbeendone,todo/tohavedone/tohavebeen)To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。 真题剖析 (2000)IntheinnercitiesofAmerica,newspapersregularlyreportonnewbornbabies60intogarbagebinsbydrug-addictedmothers. 60.A.droppedB.todropC.droppingD.drops (2001.3)Aheroinaddict,for

7、instance,leadsa59life:hisincreasingneedforheroininincreasingdosespreventshimfromworking,frommaintainingrelationships,fromdevelopinginhumanways. 59.A.destructiveB.dissatisfiedC.damagedD.derivative 四、主谓一致 1.整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。 Howyougottheredoesntconcernme. Growingvegetablesneedsconstantwatering. 2.

8、表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。 Eighthundreddollarsisenoughtoliveon. 3.以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics,economics,measles,diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。 4.“分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。 Twothirdsofthevillagesareflooded(theareaisunderwater). 5.不定代词(one,each,everyone,everybody,everything,noone,nobody,nothing,anyone,anybody,anyth

9、ing,someone,somebody,something等)作主语，谓语用单数。 Everyoneknowsthatyouvecomehere. Ifanybodywantstoseeme,letthemwaittillIcomeback.(-thing的情况例外) 6.谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（aswellas,with,alongwith,togetherwith,asmuchas,accompaniedby,besides,but,except,inadditionto,like,morethan,nolessthan,ratherthan,including等） Henol

10、essthanJohnisinterestedinliterature. 7.谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or,eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,notbut,partlypartly等) Eithermyfatherormybrothersarecoming. 8.each,every,manya,no+主语，谓语用单数。 ManyastudentandteacherhasbeentotheGreatWall. (2000)MexicoCityalready52twentymillionpeopleandCalcuttatwelvemillion.Acc

11、ordingtotheWorldBank,53ofAfricascitiesaregrowingby10%ayear,54ofurbanizationeverrecorded. 53.A.noneB.fewC.anyD.some 五、倒装 （一）全部倒装 1.“There(Here)+be+主语” Therestandbigbuildingsinthisdistrict. Hereonthedeskliesapileofbooks. 2.单个副词(in,out,now,up,down,away,off,then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如itblewup.) Incametheboss./A

12、headsatanoldman.3.介词短语作状语位于句首 Inthemiddleoftheroomstoodthenaughtyboy. 4.表语位于句首 Especiallyremarkablewashisflatnose. Notfarfromhereisafamousuniversity. 5.so,nor,neither,nomore位于句首,代表前文 Shewasntangry,andneitherwasI. Peterdoesntlikepopmusic.Nomoredoeshisbrother. 6.分词短语位于句首（分词+be+主语） Goneforeverweretheda

13、ysthatwedependedonforeignoil.（二）部分倒装 1.疑问句 2.否定副词(seldom,rarely,scarcely,hardly,little,never,few,notuntil,notonly)位于句首（作形容词时例外） NeverdidJohnspeakrudelytohisparents. 3.“only+状语”位于句首 Onlywhenhecomesbackcanbeleave. 4.“hardlywhen”,“scarcelywhen”,“nosoonerthan”,“notonly(butalso)”位于句首 Nosoonerhadhegotinto

14、theclassroomthantheclassbegan. 5.not,no组成的词组位于句首(innoway,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount) Bynomeansshouldyoubreaktherules. Atnotimeshouldwegiveintodifficulties. 6.虚拟倒装(had,were,should放到句首) 7.“形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词” Smallthoughtheroomis,itcanholdmorethantwentypeople. Searchastheywould,they

15、couldfindnothinginthehouse. (2000)Fasterthaneverbefore,thehumanworldisbecominganurbanworld.Bythemillionstheycome,theambitiousandthedown-troddenoftheworlddrawnbythestrangemagnetismofurban46. 46.A.wayB.lifeC.areaD.people 限定词的用法 1.Both,each,either,neither(只指两个) 2.All,every,each,some,any,no(指两个以上) 3.Som

16、e,any,more,(the)most,all,alot,lots,enough,none(复数可数或不可数) 4.Much,(a)little,agood/greatdeal,less,(the)least(不可数) eg.“Gotanymoney?”“Noneatall.” eg.“Doeseithersideofthisstreetgetmoresunthattheother?”“No,neithersideissunnierthantheother.” 从句为考察重点 (1999)Theanswersgivenby200womentothoseintimateopen-endedqu

17、estionsmademerealizethat51waswrongcouldnotberelatedtoeducationinthewayitwasthenbelievedtobe. 51.A.whichB.whatC.itD.that (1998)Theylearnedto51theirfarminghabitstotheclimateandsoil.52theyselectedthefourthThursdayofNovemberfortheirThanksgiving53,theyinvitedtheirneighbors,52.A.WhileB.WhenC.SoD.If (1993)

18、IntheUnitedStatesacommentatorremarkedthat45Japanapparentlystillusedsome“primitivetools”,46aJapanesecommentatorexpressedastonishmentthattheAmericanpenswrotesopoorlytheycouldsafelybeusedonlyonceandthendiscarded. 46.A.thoughB.whenC.whileD.andthat omittingthesubject Ratherformaluse 让步状语从句以although,thoug

19、h,while,orwhilst开头时通常与主句共享主语,从句谓语用分词形式。 Whilsthelikedcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse. Whilstlikingcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse. Boththejournalists,thoughgreetedasheroesontheirreturnfromprison,notlongafterwardsquietlydisappearedfromtheirnewspapers.这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如：Itwasanunequalmarri

20、age,althoughastableandlong-lastingone. Thoughnotveryattractivephysically,shepossessedasenseofhumour. WHILE 1.HestayedwithmewhileDadtalkedwithDr.Smith. 2.IoftenknitwhilewatchingTV. 3.WhileIhavesomesympathyforthesefellows,Ithinktheywenttoofar. AND 1.oftenusedtolinkclauses Icameherein1922andIhavelivehe

21、reeversince. 2.Whenyouaregivingadviceorawarning,youcanuse“and”tosaywhatwillhappenifsomethingisdone. Gobytrainandyoullgettherequicker. Doasyouretoldandyoullbeallright. WHERE 1.Shewasstandingexactlywhereyouarestandingnow. 2.In1963wemovedtoBoston,wheremygrandparentslived. 3.Thetreatmentwillcontinueunti

22、lthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely. 4.Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisiswhereIdisagree. 5.Now,wherewerewe?Ohyes,weweretalkingaboutJohn. 6.Whereothersmighthavebeensatisfied,Dawsonhadhigherambitions.(difference) WHICH (本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面) 1.定语从句引导词Didyouseetheletter

23、whichcametoday? NowtheyweredrivingbythehouseswhichAndyhaddescribed. 2.分割句子，补充说明Thehouse,whichwascompletedin1856,wasfamousforitshugemarblestaircase. Hewaseducatedatthelocalgrammarschool,afterwhichhewentontoCambridge.Shemayhavemissedthetrain,inwhichcaseshewontarriveforanotherhour. THAT多用于同位语从句和thing的定

24、语从句中。 WHAT (有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句) 1.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappened. 2.Itisnotcleartowhatextenttheseviewswereshared. 3.Icouldgetyouajobhereifthatswhatyouwant. 4.Whatthatkidneedsissomeloveandaffection. 5.WhatmattersistheBritishpeopleandBritishjobs. AS 1.比较 Hislastalbumsoldhalfamillioncopiesandwehopethiso

25、newillbejustaspopular./Theywantpeaceasmuchaswedo. 2.作为，正如Wedbetterleavethingsastheyareuntilthepolicearrive. David,asyouknow,hasnotbeenwelllately. 3.看作，看待 Theresultoflastweekselectionwillbeseenasavictory. 4.当时候=whileorwhen IsawPeterasIwasgettingoffthebus. 5.原因Asitwasgettinglate,Iturnedaroundtostartfo

26、rhome. 6.让步=thoughTryasshemight,Suecouldntgetthedooropen. Thebaghasnarrowstraps,soitmaybewornovertheshoulderorcarriedinthehand. IdbeintroubleifIleton.SoIkeptmum. Whenthemealwasfinished,Rachelwashedupandmadecoffee. IwouldhavelikedtohavelearntFrench,butIwasdenied(=notgiven)theopportunity. Theopportunitywasdenied(to)meatschool. Theprestigeisdenied(to)theclassroomteacher. Theclassroomteacherisdeniedtheprest