谢孟媛初级英文文法初二.docx

1、谢孟媛初级英文文法初二初级英文文法 Unit 1 比较1. 比较变化2. 形容词的比较级3. 形容词的最高级4. 副词的比较级、最高级Unit 2 不定词 (to V) 不定词Unit 3 动名词动名词Unit 4 分词分词Unit 5 形容词形容词Unit 6 副词副词Unit 7 动词动词Unit 1 比较比较变化为了表示性质、程度等差异，形容词在字形上所做的变化，称为比较。比较分为原级、比较级、最高级。(1)规则变化变化 级原级比较级最高级1. 原级+er, estshortshortershortest2. 原级字尾有e+r, stnicenicernicest3. 原级为短母音+子音

2、重复字尾+er, esthothotterhottest4. 原级字尾为子音+y去y+ier, iesteasyeasiereasiest5. 两音节以上的形容词more, most+原级beautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful (2)不规则变化原级比较级最高级bad (坏的)ill (生病)worseworstgood (好的)well (健康)betterbestmany (指可数的)much (指不可数的)moremostlittle (少的)lessleastfar (远的)fartherfurtherfarthest (表距离)furthest (表

3、程度，数量，距离)late (晚的；迟的)laterlatterlatest (表时间)last (表顺序)old (老的；旧的)olderelderoldest (表年纪；新旧)eldest (表长幼)例：l. He was happy in his later life. (他晚年很快乐。)2. As for French and German, the latter is more difficult for me than the former.(就法文和德文而言，我觉得后者比前者难。)形容词的比较级(1) 比较级 than 例：1. Your article is longer th

4、an mine. (你的文章比我长。)2. Mary is more beautiful than she/her. (口语) (玛丽比她漂亮。)(2) the+比较级of the two例：1. Kevin is the older of the two boys. (Kevin是两位男孩中年纪较大的。)2. Jack is the more active of the twins. (Jack是这对双胞胎中较活跃的。)(3) 修饰比较级much, a lot, far+比较级得多了even+比较级更加a little+比较一点例：1. He is much busier than I. (

5、他比我忙碌得多了。)2. This is a little cheaper than that. (这个比那个便宜一点。)3. The price of the blue pants is far higher than that of the green pants. (蓝裤子的价格比绿裤子的价格高得多。)4. The weather in Kaohsiung is far hotter than that in Taipei. =The weather is far hotter in Kaohsiung than in Taipei. (高雄的天气比台北的天气更加炎热。)注意：比较时，若

6、主题相同或语意上清楚明白时，than以下部分可省略。例：They live a more pleasant life than (they did) before. (他们现在比以前过着更愉快的生活。)(4) 比较级tojunior (年幼的)、senior (年长的)、major (大的)、minor (小的)等形容词，在表示比较的对象时，不用than而用to。例：She is two years older than I / me. =She is senior to me by two years. (她比我大2岁。)(5) 比较级的惯用表现a. 比较级and比较级 越来越例：The s

7、tory became more and more interesting. (这故事变得越来越有趣。)b. the比较，the比较级 越越例：l. The more, the better. (越多越好。)2. The more we get, the happier well be. (我们得到越多就越快乐。)c. more than超过less than少于例：The man is more than / over eighty years old. (这个人超过80岁。)形容词的最高级(l)the最高级+名词+ 地点 / of the three / of all例：1. Helen

8、is the best student of all. (海伦是所有学生中最好的。)2. Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. (圣母峰是世界上最高的山。)(2)原级、比较级、最高级互换例：1. Taipei is the biggest city in Taiwan. (台北是台湾最大的城市。)=Taipei is bigger than any other city in Taiwan.=Taipei is bigger than all the other cities in Taiwan.=No other city in

9、Taiwan is bigger than Taipei.=No other cities in Taiwan are as big as Taipei. 注意：加other (其它的)，其功用为避免和本身做比较。2. New York is bigger than any other city in America. (纽约比美国任何其它城市大。)=New York is bigger than any city in Taiwan. (纽约比台湾任何城巿大。)(3)as原级as 像一样例：1. This jacket is as expensive as this sweater. (这件

10、夹克和这件毛衣一样贵。)2. Your hair is as long as mine. (你的头发和我的一样长。)注意：否定句时，也可用not so / as as. 例：This question is not as / so, difficult as it seems. (这问题并不像表面上的那么困难。)副词的比较级、最高级比较变化a. 规则变化和形容词一样，由字形的变化而来。原级比较级最高级副词字尾无ly加er, estfastfasterfastest副词字尾有ly加more, most+副词quicklymore quicklymost quicklyb. 不规则变化原级比较级最

11、高级badly (坏)ill (不好)worseworstwell (好)betterbestmuch (多)moremostlittle (少)lessleastfar (远)fartherfurtherfarthest (表距离)furthest (表程度)副词的比较级+than例：l. He can sing better than Lisa. (他可以唱的比莉萨好。)2. I study harder than my friends. (我比我的朋友们更努力。)the副词的最高级+地点/ of the three副词的最高级，the可以省略。例：l. My father gets up

12、 (the) earliest of us all. (我父亲是我们之中最早起的。)2. Cathy dances (the) most beautifully. (卡西是跳舞跳得最美的。)注意：形容词和副词的不同例：Tom is the fastest boy of all. 形容词的最高级，the不可省略。(汤姆是所有男孩中最快的。)Tom runs (the) fastest of all. 副词的最高级，the可以省略。(汤姆是所有男孩中跑得最快的。)疑问词+比较例：l. Which fruit do you like better, apples or oranges? (你比较喜欢

13、哪一种水果，苹果或是柳橙？)2. Which do you like (the) best, apples, oranges or peaches? (苹果、柳橙和桃子，你最喜欢哪一种？)注意：两者之间用比较级；三者 (或以上)用最高级。Unit 2 不定词不定词(to+原形动词)，其身份不再是动词。它在句中扮演名词、形容词及副词的功能。to V1. 名词用法当主词、受词、补语例：To buy things in a flea market must be fun. (在跳蚤市场买东西一定很好玩。)2. 形容词用法修饰名词例：I have a lot of things to buy. (我有

14、很多东西要买。) 3. 副词用法表目的、原因等。例：I went there to buy notebooks. (我去那里买笔记本。)不定词的名词用法不定词当主词主词动词The workisfun.To travel around the worldisfun.例：l. To answer this question is difficult for me. (对我而言回答这个问题是困难的。)注意：不定词放句首当主词时，视为一件事，其后须接单数动词。2. To solve pollution problems is difficult for people in Taiwan. It is

15、difficult for people in Taiwan to solve pollution problems.(对台湾民众而言，要解决污染问题是困难的。)注意：不定词为首的主词，可用it (假主词)代替，再将此事件放置在后说明。3. To be patient with others is best for you. (你对别人有耐心是最好的。)It is best for you to be patient with others. 句型：Its +形容词 (修饰事物)+for +人+ to +原形动词Its +形容词 (修饰人)+of+人+ to +原形动词修饰人的形容词：good

16、, nice, kind, brave, clever, careless, honest, bad, stupid, silly, selfish, polite等例：1. Its kind of you to help me. (你真好帮我的忙。)2. Its stupid of him to speak ill of others. (他说别人坏话是愚蠢的。)不定词当受词主词动词受词Ilikebaseball.Iliketo play baseball.例：1. I decided to quit the job. (我决定辞掉工作。)2. He hoped to be there on

17、 time. (他希望准时到那里。)注意：有些动词，如decide，hope，want，expect，volunteer等，必用不定词当受词。3. I want / would like to see a movie with my friend. (我想要和我的朋友一起看电影。)4. You neednt go if you dont want to. (你不需要去，如果你不想去的话。)注意：to后面的动词和前面相同时，则动词可省略。不定词当补语a. 当主词补语可放在be动词或在连缀动词之后，补充说明主词。主词动词主词补语My workisthe thing.My workisto prep

18、are dinner.例：l. My aim in life is to become a famous singer. (我人生的目标是成为名歌手。)2. To see is to believe. (眼见为凭。)b. 当受词补语即：主词+动词+受词+受词补语。主词动词受词受词补语HecallsmeJohnny.Hewantsmeto do it.例：l. He told me to give up smoking. (他告诉我要戒烟。) 2. She got her husband to clean up the house. (她叫她先生打扫房子。)注意：有些动词，如want, ask,

19、 teach, tell, get, show等，用不定词当受词补语。3. He asked me not to tell her the truth. (他要求我不要跟她说实话。) 比较：He didnt ask me to tell her the truth. (他没要求我跟她说实话。). 注意：否定不定词 not +to +原形动词不定词的形容词用法不定词当形容词修饰名词或something等代名词时，采用后位修饰。即：名词 / something + to +原形动词修饰名词例：l. I have letters to write. (我有信要写。)2. My mother has

20、a lot of housework to do every day. (我妈妈每天有很多家事要做。). 修饰something等例：l. Ill give you something to eat. (我会给你东西吃。)2. Do you have anything to read ？ (你有什么东西可读吗？)注意：有些不定词之后会伴随着介系词。例：1. They have a lot of things to talk about. (他们有许多事要谈。)2. Please give me a ball-point pen to write with. (请给我一枝原子笔写字。)不定词的副

21、词用法不定词可以用来修饰动词，形容词和副词，能够表示目的、原因等表目的此时可用in order to +原形动词代替例：She went to London to study English. (她去伦敦学英语。)=She went to London in order to study English. 注意：go和come通常其后不接不定词，而是用and连接。例：Come and see me. (来看我。)表原因跟在表感情的形容词之后例：1. I am glad to see you. (很高兴见到你。 ). 2. We are sorry to hear the news. (我们听到

22、这消息很难过。)含不定词的句型疑问词+to原形动词此为名词词组，可当主词、受词、补语。例：1. Which way to go is a big problem. (要走哪一条路是个大问题。)(当主词) 2. I know how to operate the machine. (我知道如何操作这机器。)(受词)3. He told me where to take the bus. (他告诉我哪里可以搭公交车。) (当补语)tooto (太而不能)too+形容词 / 副词+ to原形动词例：l. You are too young to understand the whole thing.

23、 (你太年轻无法了解整件事。)2. The water is too hot for me to drink. (对我而言水太热无法喝。)3. He worked too slowly to finish it. (他工作得太慢无法完成这件事。)enough to (够可以)形容词 / 副词+ enough+ to原形动词例：1. My younger brother is old enough to go to school. (我弟弟年纪够大可以上学。)2. Bob worked hard enough to pass the exam. (Bob够用功可以通过考试。)Unit 3 动名词

24、动名词就是在原形动词后加上ing，使其具有名词的特性，句子中可扮演主词，受词或补语的功能。动名词当主词：须具有名词特性的字 (或字群)才能当主词，所以动名词可当主词。比较主词动词Doit right now. (祈使句)To do / Doing it right nowis动名词或不定词放句首当主词时，整个主词视为一件事，其后须用单数动词。important. (直述句)例：1. Sleeping eight hours a day is good for health. (一天睡8小时有益健康。)=To sleep eight hours a day is good for health.

25、 =It is good for health to sleep eight hours a day. 2. Swimming at the beach is a lot of fun. (在海边游泳很好玩。)=To swim at the beach is a lot of fun. = Its a lot of fun to swim at the beach. 注意：Its no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收。)动名词当受词：放动词或介系词后.(1)当动词的受词例：1. You have to give up smoking. (你必须戒烟。)2.

26、I like watching basketball games on TV. (我喜欢看电视上的篮球比赛。)注意1：动词like, love, hate, start, begin, learn等之后可接V-ing或to-V当受词，在意义上没有差异。例：They began dancing / to dance faster and faster. (他们开始跳得越来越快。)注意2：动词stop, remember, forget, try等之后可接V-ing或to-V当受词，但意义通常不同。例：1. The man stopped talking. (那人停止说话。) The man st

27、opped to talk to a newsboy. (那人停下来和报童说话。)* Im tried. I have to stop working. to take a rest. 我累了，我必须停止工作。下来休息。2. She remembered meeting him somewhere. (她记得在某处曾见过他。)-已见过She remembered to meet him at the station. (她记得要在车站和他碰面。)-尚未过见Remember to preview your lesson before class and review your lesson af

28、ter class.(记得课前预习，课后复习。)3. Lucy forgot sending me a card. (Lucy忘记曾寄给我一张卡片。)-寄过Lucy forgot to send me a card. (Lucy忘了要寄卡片给我。)-未寄Dont forget to send me a card on Christmas. (别忘了在圣诞节寄张卡片给我。)4. Try to solve the problem before ten oclock. (设法在十点前解决这个问题。)-要人尽力去做某事Try knocking at the back door if nobody he

29、ars you at the front door.(如果前面没有人听到，试敲一下后门。)-即敲一敲门，试试是否有人应门下列动词之后只能接V-ing。mind、enjoy、finish、practice、miss、quit、understand、avoid 、give up、cant help、cant stand、Its no use、Its no good例：1. Would you mind waiting for me? (你介意等我一下吗？) I made up my mind to wait for her. (我决定要等她。)2. These students practice

30、speaking English every day. (这些学生每天练习英语。)3. I cant help laughing at him. (我忍不住嘲笑他。)(2)当介系词的受词介系词之后必接V-ing。例：l. He is interested in playing hide-and-seek. (他喜欢玩躲猫猫。)2. We are thinking about buying a washing machine. (我们考虑要买台洗衣机。)动名词当补语动名词可位于be动词之后当补语。例：l. My work is washing cars. (我的工作是洗车。)2. One of my hobbies is collecting stamps. (我的嗜好之一是集邮。)注意：在其它句型中的V-ing形式1. go+ V-ing / go