TOEFL语法讲义Word格式.docx

1、有关名词的题目在历届TOEEL考试中占相当大的比例，但题型却非常单一易解。名词的命题焦点主要集中在名词的单复数问题上。试题通常分布在written Expression （16-40题）中。名词的考题过于简单。反而易被忽略，所以还应当加倍留意。名词常考题型及解题要点1. 可数名词的复数概念必须加s，不可数名词任何时候都不可接-s全真例题分析（1） Every year Colorado is visited by millions of tourists who come for a variety of reason. （92.8）答案 D reason为可数名词，a varity of 表

2、示多数概念，故（D）应改为reasons。（2）Rebecca Latimer, a political commentator and the author of several book ,was the first woman to become a United States senator. （92.10）答案 C book为可数名词，several表示多数概念，故（C）应用复数形式books。（3） The most useful way of looking at a map is not as a piece of papers but as a record of geogr

3、aphically organized information. （91.1）答案 C paper表示“纸张”时是不可数名词，不能接s。（4） Andrew Wyeth is famous for his realistic and thoughtful paintings of person and plans in rural Pennsylvania and Maine （93.5）答案 C person为可数名词，根据句意，这里应是多数概念的people。2. 名词的数应与其前面的修饰成分一致解题要点 下述单词和短语决定名词的单复数：a / an every much many som

4、e several this those other one of等等（1） A time zone is a slightly irregular north-south belts that extends from pole to pole （92.10）答案 C 中心名词belts前有不定冠词a，故应改为单数belt。A / an与其中心名词之间隔有冗长的定语成分，此名词常是考题焦点。（2） Although mockingbirds superbly mimicthe songs and calls of many bird they can nonetheless be quick

5、ly identified as mockingbirds by certain aural clues. （94.1）答案 B bird为不可数名词，它前面的修饰语many即决定了它应用复数形式。（3） The fritillaries, one of the largest group of bufferflies, are found not only in this country but in many other pants of the world as well （94.5）答案 A 短语one of后面必须接名词的复数形式，即groups。（4） Manganese does

6、 exist naturally in a pure state because it reacts so easily with other element. （91.1）答案 D 形容词other后面接复数的可数名词，故element 应加s.（5） In 1987 the sales of ice cream in the United States amounted to fifteen quarts per year for every persons in the country. （92.1）答案 D 形容词every后面应接单数名词，即person。3. 名词的数应与谓语动词一

7、致（1） Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized in the United States are for foods and beverages. （92.5）答案 A 主语是package的百分比率，谓语动词are则决定了package的复数形式。（2） Human being have thirty-three or thirty-four vertebrate, bat a snake may have as many as three hundred. （93.8）答案 A 谓语动词have表明主语应是复数形式，即hum

8、an beings。（3） Beneath the deep oceans that cover two-thirds of the Earth tantalizing secret of the planet are concealed. （91.10）答案 C 谓语动词are 决定了主语secret应接复数形式-s。4. 一个名词修饰限定另一个名词时，第一个名词只能用单数形式解题要点 当你看到两个名词连用时，一定留意第一个名词的单数的形式。（1） Employments agencies bring together persons qualified for specific jobs

9、and employers who have those jobs available （90.10）答案 A 名词emplogments修饰说明后面的名词agencies，其作用相当于一个形容词，故应用单数形式。（2） Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. （90.5）答案 D名词colors修饰说明effects，应用其单数形式。（3） Susan Sontag*s aversion to the traditional critical practice of extracting mo

10、rals meanings from art is reflected in her novels. （92.1）答案 B morals应用单数形式修饰后面的名词meanings。单数复数词义Foot FeetIndex Indice Tooth Teeth Medium Media Goose Geese Axis Axes Moose Basis BasesOx OxenOasis Oases Mouse MiceRadius Radii Louse LiceCriterion Criteria Datum DataTerminus Termini Alumna AlumnaeFungus

11、 FungiAlumnus AlumniSac sacsAnalysis Analyses Formula FormulaeCrisis CrisesPhenomenon Phenomena Focus Foci 名词的单数与复数与句子结合在一起使用时注意主语与谓语的一致。可数名词不能单独使用，一般前面加a,an,the或以复数形式出现。代词：人称代词的主格，宾格，反身代词是考试的重点；句子中物主代词与名词是否一致是考试的重点。不定代词总是表示单数，所以他们的谓语动词一概是单数。这些代词如下：each, everyone, everybody, everything, another, any

12、one, anybody, anything, one, someone, somebody, something,much, no one, nobody, nothing,neither, either, itmany, much, few, little也用于不定代词的情况：many和few修饰和表示可数名词，much与little修饰和表示不可数名词。 That, those在句子中经常为了避免重复而指代前面提到的内容。例如：Forest animals utilize the sense of smell less than those in the countryside.冠词：有

13、关冠词的考题在TOEFL测试中所占比例较小，但出现频率较高，而且是单一题型反复再现，即不定冠词a和an混淆错用。这类题目全部集中在Written Expression（16-40题）中。其次，定冠词the的用法也是考试范围。冠词常考题型及解题要点1.不定冠词a与an的区别解题要点 “a”后面接以辅音开始的字词“an”后面接以元音开始的字词。当A、B、C、D四个选择答案中出现有a或an，应首先察看它后面的单词，以判断此不定冠词是否正确。（1） The Montreal International Exposition,“Expo. 67”was applauded for displaying

14、an degree of taste superior to that of similar expositions.（答案） B 改为a degree。If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine chemically with other atoms.（答案） A改为an atom（3） Since the beginning of this century the United States government has played an role in the s

15、upervision and use of the nations natural resources.（答案） A改为a role（4） A electric current can consist of charges that are positive, negative, or both.（答案） A 改为An election2. 可数名词前面通常要有冠词或其它限定形容词, 非泛指的可数名词一般不能独立存在。（A） A march is highly rhythmic piece of music first used by military bands to accompany m

16、arching. （94.1）（答案） A 名词短语 piece of music 前面应加不定冠词：a highly rhythmic piece of music（2） The sonometer is instrument used to study the mathematical relations of harmonic tones. （93.8）（答案） A改为an instrument, instrument为可数名词，前面应有冠词。（3） Accounting is described as art of classifying, recording, and reporti

17、ng significant financial events.（答案） A 名词art,表示“一门艺术”这个概念时，应加冠词。此句应改为an art。3.冠词的错误使用或遗漏（1） The Yukon River, which fllows into the Baring Sea, gives its name to a region of Alaska and a territory of the Canada.（答案） D删掉定冠词the. Canada是专有名词，无需加冠词。表示“国家”“城市”“人物”等概念的专有名词前不加冠词。（2） Langston Hughes, a proli

18、fic writer of the 1920s was concerned with the depicting the experience of urban Black people in the United States.（答案） C 删除冠词the。动名词前不应加冠词。特别是当这个动名词带有宾语，它的动词属性更强烈，因而不能加冠词。（3） Some geologists predict that, by end of the next century, movement along the San Andreas Fault will have caused part of Cali

19、fornia to separate from the continent （88.1）（答案） A 加入定冠词the,组成固定短语by the end。含冠词的词组不能随意删除或更换。（4） At a first, the scientific method may appear to be a narrow and restrictive way of gaining （89.10）（答案） A 删除不定冠词a。At first为固定短语结构，不能随意添入冠词。（5） Seven of planets rotate in the same direction as their orbita

20、l motions, while Venus and Uranus rotate in the opposite direction. （91.8）（答案） A 此句的planets特指太阳系中的九大行星，故应加入定冠词the,即Seven of the planets。1. 不冠词的用法复杂，但托福考试中的考查项很基础。a） an用于元音开始的单词前，如an even bigger house, honor,hour,antb） a 用于福音开始的单词前，托福中常考的单词有：university, union, unique, united, UFO2. 定冠词a） 它在普通名词、集合名词，

21、或物主名词前时表示特指、全体或唯一。例如，the centennial of Einsteins birthday, over the world, near the end of the civil war, by the end of the term.b） 最高级形容词， 序数词， 表示方位和乐器的名词前用它， 还有构成河流，山川，山脉 书报，机关等名词前。例如，the most splendid building, the twenty-first century, the Nobel Prize, the Atlantic Ocean, the Rocky Mountains.3.

22、不用冠词的情况a） 成语前，如 day after day, from time to time, step by step.b） 体育运动，颜色， 游戏名称前不用。如，basketball, white, poker, bridge, Christmas.c） 四季，三餐，节日，国名，年月日前不用。d） 元素名称，课程名称e） in nature, in history表示“大自然”和“历史上”形容词：1. 形容词的主要功能是修饰名词，放在名词前.2. 做句子的表语。3. 形容词修饰不定代词时位于他们之后。如， something sweet, anything black, nothing

23、 wrong, anyone strong, somebody high等。4. 以a开头的形容词一般为表语形容词，不能做定语：ablaze, afire, afraid, afloat, akin, alone, alight, alive, amiss, asleep, ashamed, awake, aware, alive, alike.只能作表语。5. 比较级的几个用法：1） more interesting than2） The more you have, the more you spend.3） As beautiful as副词：副词副词是TOEEL测试中非常活跃的词类。它

24、与形容词一样，是词类变化题型必考的词性。一般说来，有关副词的题目并不很难。绝大部分考的是副词词性的判断。题型主要有下述几项：（1）副词与形容词混淆（详见本忆要点之词类变化）（2）否定副词Not 的用法、（3）易混淆的副词。副词常考题型及解题要点1 副词与形容词的功能区别：形容词修饰名词；副词修饰除名词以外的所有词性及句子成分（详见本书要点之：词类变化）例1 The ordeal of the Cherokee Indians, who were forcible moved from their homeland in the 1830*s, is remembered as the *Tea

25、rs*. （91.10）答案 B 修饰动词moved应用副词forcibly。例2 Although the United States experienced rapidly growth in the first half of the nincieenth century, it was still predominately concerned with agriculture and forestry. （93.10）答案 A 修饰名词growth应用形容词rapid，而不用副词rapidly。 此题是TOEEL常考类型题。请注意以- ly后缀构成的副词通常是命题焦点。2. 否定词n

26、ot与形容词no的区别解题要点 区分副词not和形容词no的命题是TOEEL常考的题型，主要分布在structure （1-15题）中。当not或no出现在选择答案中，应首先判断它所修饰的中心词的词性以决定选哪一个否定词。全真例分析（1） Since Alaska attained statehood in 1959- single party has dominated politics there.（A） none（B） no（C） not（D） never （94.1）答案 B 修饰中心名词party应用形容词no，而非副词not。（2） - social crusade aroused

27、 Elizabeth Williams enthusiasm more than the expansion of the United States.（A） No（B） Nothing（C） Not（D） None （91.10）答案 修饰主语名词crusade 应用形容词no. 而非副词not。（3） - all rainwater falling from a cloud reaches the ground, some of it is lost through evaporation.（A） Nowhere（B） Not（C） No（D） None （91.8）答案 B 修饰形容词a

28、ll应用否定副词not。Not all （不是所有的）是固定短语搭配，表示的是部分否定，not all = sosme。（4） The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is - clearly understood. （D） nor （90.5）答案 C 否定系词is，应用副词not。（5） Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933. When Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. （89.1）答案 A Not 改为No.3. 辨别词形相近的副词和形容词hare （努力、副词） hardly （几乎不、副词）close （接近、形容词） closely （接近、副词）near （接近、形容词