LED英文资料及中文翻译Word下载.docx

1、LED（Light Emitting Diode），发光二极管，是一种固态的半导体器件，它可以直接把电转化为光。LED的心脏是一个半导体的晶片，晶片的一端附在一个支架上，一端是负极，另一端连接电源的正极，使整个晶片被环氧树脂封装起来。半导体晶片由两部分组成，一部分是P型半导体，在它里面空穴占主导地位，另一端是N型半导体，在这边主要是电子。但这两种半导体连接起来的时候，它们之间就形成一个“P-N结”。当电流通过导线作用于这个晶片的时候，电子就会被推向P区，在P区里电子跟空穴复合，然后就会以光子的形式发出能量，这就是LED发光的原理。而光的波长也就是光的颜色，是由形成P-N结的材料决定的。Seco

2、nd LED history and development50 years ago, people have to understand semiconductor materials can produce light of the basic knowledge, the first commercial diodes in 1960. English is the LED light emitting diode （LED） acronym, and its basic structure is an electroluminescent semiconductor materials

3、, placed in a wire rack, then sealed with epoxy resin around, that is, solid package, Therefore, the protection of the internal batteries can play the role of line, so the seismic performance LED good. LED is the core of the P-type semiconductor and components of the N-type semiconductor chips, the

4、P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor between a transition layer, called the PN junction. In some semiconductor materials in the PN junction, the injection of a small number of carrier-carrier and the majority of the extra time will be in the form of light energy to release, thus the power t

5、o direct conversion of solar energy. PN junction on reverse voltage, a few hard-carrier injection, it is not luminous. This use of injection electroluminescent diodes is produced by the principle of light-emitting diodes, commonly known as LED. When it in a positive state of the work （that is, at bo

6、th ends with forward voltage）, the current flows from the LED anode, cathode, semiconductor crystals on the issue from the ultraviolet to infrared light of different colors, light and the strength of the currents. Instruments used for the first LED light source instructions, but all kinds of light c

7、olored LED lights in traffic and large screen has been widely applied, have a very good economic and social benefits. The 12-inch red traffic lights as an example, is used in the United States have long life, low-efficiency 140 watt incandescent lamp as a light source, it produced 2,000 lumens of wh

8、ite light. The red filter, the loss-90 percent, only 200 lumens of red light. In the light of the new design, Lumileds companies have 18 red LED light source, including the loss of circuit, a total power consumption of 14 watts to generate the same optical effect. Automotive LED lights is also the s

9、ource of important areas. For general lighting, people need more white light sources. The 1998 white LED successful development. This is the GaN LED chip and Yttrium Aluminum Garnet （YAG） package together cause. GaN chip of the Blu-ray （ p = 465nm, Wd = 30nm）, made of high-temperature sintering of t

10、he Ce3 + YAG phosphors excited by this Blu-ray after irradiating a yellow, the peak 550 nm. Blue-chip installed in the LED-based Wanxing reflection in the cavity, covered with a resin mixed with YAG thin layer, about 200-500 nm. LED-based tablets issued by the Blu-ray absorption part of the phosphor

11、, the phosphor another part of the Blu-ray and a yellow light mixed, can be a white. Now, the InGaN / YAG white LED, YAG phosphor by changing the chemical composition of the phosphor layer and adjust the thickness of the 3500-10000 K color temperature can be colored white. This blue LED through the

12、method by white, constructed simple, low-cost, high technology is mature, so use the most. The development of LED display can be divided into the following phases: first phase 1990 to 1995, mainly monochrome and 16 color graphics screen. Used to display text and simple images, mainly used in railway

13、 stations, financial securities, banks, post offices and other public places, as public information display tools. The second stage is from 1995 to 1999, there have been 64, 256 level gray-scale two-color video screen. Video control technology, image processing, optical fiber communication technolog

14、y applications will enhance the LED display to a new level. LED display control LSI chips special at this time developed by domestic companies, and can be applied. The third stage, from 1999, red, pure green, blue LED in bulk into China, while domestic enterprises in-depth research and development w

15、ork, using red, green, and blue LED production of full-color display has been widely used , poured into sports stadiums, convention centers, squares and other public places, which will bring the domestic large-screen full-color era. With the rapid development of LED materials market, surface mount d

16、evice is available from 2001, mainly used in indoor full color, and its high brightness, colorful, low temperature characteristics, the point spacing can be adjusted by different price Requirements were accepted, in just two years time, product sales have more than 300 million yuan, surface mount fu

17、ll-color LED display application market entered the new century. To meet the 2008 Olympic Games, downsizing plan, Liard developed a surface mount dual color displays, a lot of time for the training center and game scoring. Full color in Olympic venues, in order to tighten investment, full color way

18、is mostly detachable, live during the Olympic Games as a tool can be used for rental after the event, as the performance of national policies such as public places, tools released by In this way cost recovery as soon as possible. On the market, Chinas accession to WTO, Beijings successful Olympic bi

19、d and so on, into the development of LED display industry, a new opportunity. Domestic LED display market continues to grow, currently in the domestic market, domestic LED display market share of nearly 95%. LED display the international market capacity is expected to 30% a year growth rate. Current

20、ly, LED display manufacturers concentrated primarily in Japan, North America, China LED manufacturers in which the insignificant share of exports. According to incomplete statistics, the world, there are at least 150 manufacturers full color, in which products are complete, the larger company has so

21、me 30 or so.二 LED历史及发展现状50年前人们已经了解半导体材料可产生光线的基本知识，第一个商用二极管产生于1960年。LED是英文light emitting diode（发光二极管）的缩写，它的基本结构是一块电致发光的半导体材料，置于一个有引线的架子上，然后四周用环氧树脂密封，即固体封装，所以能起到保护内部芯线的作用，所以LED的抗震性能好。 发光二极管的核心部分是由P型半导体和N型半导体组成的晶片，在P型半导体和N型半导体之间有一个过渡层，称为P-N结。在某些半导体材料的PN结中，注入的少数载流子与多数载流子复合时会把多余的能量以光的形式释放出来，从而把电能直接转换为光能。

22、PN结施加反向电压时，少数载流子难以注入，故不发光。这种利用注入式电致发光原理制作的二极管叫发光二极管，通称LED。 当它处于正向工作状态时（即两端加上正向电压），电流从LED阳极流向阴极时，半导体晶体就发出从紫外到红外不同颜色的光线，光的强弱与电流有关。最初LED用作仪器仪表的指示光源，后来各种光色的LED在交通信号灯和大面积显示屏中得到了广泛应用，产生了很好的经济效益和社会效益。以12英寸的红色交通信号灯为例，在美国本来是采用长寿命、低光效的140瓦白炽灯作为光源，它产生2000流明的白光。经红色滤光片后，光损失90%，只剩下200流明的红光。而在新设计的灯中，Lumileds公司采用了1

23、8个红色LED光源，包括电路损失在内，共耗电14瓦，即可产生同样的光效。 汽车信号灯也是LED光源应用的重要领域。对于一般照明而言，人们更需要白色的光源。1998年白光的LED开发成功。这种LED是将GaN芯片和钇铝石榴石（YAG）封装在一起做成。GaN芯片发蓝光（p=465nm，Wd=30nm），高温烧结制成的含Ce3+的YAG荧光粉受此蓝光激发后发出黄色光射，峰值550nm。蓝光LED基片安装在碗形反射腔中，覆盖以混有YAG的树脂薄层，约200-500nm。 LED基片发出的蓝光部分被荧光粉吸收，另一部分蓝光与荧光粉发出的黄光混合，可以得到得白光。现在，对于InGaN/YAG白色LED，通

24、过改变YAG荧光粉的化学组成和调节荧光粉层的厚度，可以获得色温3500-10000K的各色白光。这种通过蓝光LED得到白光的方法，构造简单、成本低廉、技术成熟度高，因此运用最多。LED显示屏的发展可分为以下几个阶段：第一阶段为1990年到1995年，主要是单色和16级双色图文屏。用于显示文字和简单图片，主要用在车站、金融证券、银行、邮局等公共场所，作为公共信息显示工具。第二阶段是1995年到1999年，出现了64级、256级灰度的双基色视频屏。视频控制技术、图像处理技术、光纤通信技术等的应用将LED显示屏提升到了一个新的台阶。LED显示屏控制专用大规模集成电路芯片也在此时由国内企业开发出来并得

25、以应用。第三阶段从1999年开始，红、纯绿、纯蓝LED管大量涌入中国，同时国内企业进行了深入的研发工作，使用红、绿、蓝三原色LED生产的全彩色显示屏被广泛应用，大量进入体育场馆、会展中心、广场等公共场所，从而将国内的大屏幕带入全彩时代。随着LED原材料市场的迅猛发展，表面贴装器件从2001年面世，主要用在室内全彩屏，并且以其亮度高、色彩鲜艳、温度低的特性，可随意调整的点间距，被不同价位需求者所接受，在短短两年多时间内，产品销售额已超过3亿元，表面贴装全彩色LED显示屏应用市场进入新世纪。为了适应2008年奥运会的“瘦身”计划，利亚德开发了表面贴装双基色显示屏，大量用于训练馆和比赛计时计分系统。

26、在奥运场馆全彩屏方面，为紧缩投资，全彩屏大部分采用可拆卸方式，奥运期间可作为实况转播工具，赛事结束后可用于租赁，作为演出、国家政策发布等公共场合应用工具，通过这种方式可尽快收回成本。就市场而言，中国加入WTO、北京申奥成功等，成为LED显示屏产业发展的新契机。国内LED显示屏市场保持持续增长，目前在国内市场上，国产LED显示屏的市场占有率近95%。国际上LED显示屏的市场容量预计以每年30%的速度在增长。目前，LED显示屏的主要制造厂商集中在日本、北美等地，我国LED制造厂商出口的份额在其中微不足道。据不完全统计，世界上目前至少有150家厂商生产全彩屏，其中产品齐全，规模较大的公司约有30家左

27、右。Third LED advantagesConductor light-emitting diode （LED） as a third-generation semiconductor lighting source. This fantastic product has a lot of advantages: （1） efficient light: spectra of almost all concentrated in the visible light frequency, the efficiency can reach 80% -90%. The luminous effi

28、ciency of incandescent visible light efficiency of almost 10% -20% only. （2） high quality of light: not as a result of spectrum UV and infrared, there is no heat, no radiation, is typically a green light illumination. （3） energy consumption of the small: single power generally 0.05-1w, through the c

29、luster can be tailored to meet different needs, and waste very little. As a light source, under the brightness in the same power consumption of only ordinary incandescent 1/8-10. （4） long life: flux attenuation to 70% of the standard life expectancy is 100,000 hours. A semiconductor light can be used under normal circumstances 50 years, even if the long life of the people, life will be used up to two lights. （5） durable and reliable: No tungsten wire, glass and other easily damaged components, non-normal retirement rate is very small, very low maintenance c