专业英语翻译1.docx

1、专业英语翻译1Basic Chemistry1. Atomic StructureMatter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter, and cannot be chemically subdivided by ordinary means. Both the protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus. Protons have a positive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge -they are ne

2、utral. Electrons reside in orbitals around the nucleus. They have a negative charge (-). It is the number of protons that determines the atomic number. The number of protons in an element is constant but neutron number may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary. 1。原子结构物质有质量，占空间。原子是物质的基本组

3、成物，不能用普通的方法进行化学细分。质子和中子都驻留在原子核中。质子有一个正电荷，中子是不带电的，它们是中性的。电子在原子核周围的轨道上。他们有一个负电荷（-）。它是确定原子序数的质子数。在一个元素中的质子的数量是恒定的，但中子数可能会有所不同，所以质量数（质子+中子）可能会有所不同。The same element may contain varying numbers of neutrons; these forms of an element are called isotopes. The chemical properties of isotopes are the same, al

4、though the physical properties of some isotopes may be different. Some isotopes are radioactive-meaning they radiate energy as they decay to a more stable form, perhaps another element half-life: time required for half of the atoms of an element to decay into stable form. Another example is oxygen,

5、with atomic number of 8 can have 8, 9, or 10 neutrons. 相同的元素可能含有不同数量的中子，这些元素的这些形式被称为同位素。同位素的化学性质是相同的，虽然一些同位素的物理性质可能是不同的。一些同位素是放射性的，这意味着它们“辐射”能量，因为它们衰变到一个更稳定的形式，也许另一个元素半衰期：所需的元素的原子的一半，衰变成稳定的形式。另一个例子是氧气，原子数为8，可以有8，9，或10个中子。Here is a list of the basic characteristics of atoms:An atom is a basic chemica

6、l building block of matter. Atoms cannot be divided using chemicals. They do consist of parts, which include protons, neutrons, and electrons, but an atom is a basic chemical building block of matter. Each electron has a negative electrical charge. Each proton has a positive electrical charge. The c

7、harge of a proton and an electron are equal in magnitude, yet opposite in sign. Electrons and protons are electrically attracted to each other. 这里是一个原子的基本特征列表：原子是一个基本的化学构建块的事。原子不可分为使用化学物质。他们做的包括部分，其中包括质子，中子和电子，但原子是一个基本的化学物质块的物质。每个电子带负电荷。每个质子带正电荷。一个质子和一个电子的电荷在数量上是相等的，而在符号相反。电子和质子相互电吸引。Each neutron is

8、 electrically neutral. In other words, neutrons do not have a charge and are not electrically attracted to either electrons or protons. Protons and neutrons are about the same size as each other and are much larger than electrons. The mass of a proton is essentially the same as that of a neutron. Th

9、e mass of a proton is 1840 times greater than the mass of an electron. The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons. The nucleus carries a positive electrical charge. 每个中子是电中性的。换言之，中子不带电，也没有电吸引到电子或质子。质子与中子的大小相同、互比电子大得多。质子的质量与中子的质量基本上是相同的。质子的质量比电子的质量大1840倍。原子包含质子和中子的核。细胞核携带正电荷。Electrons move

10、around outside the nucleus. Almost all of the mass of an atom is in its nucleus; almost all of the volume of an atom is occupied by electrons. The number of protons (also known as its atomic number) determines the element. Varying the number of neutrons results in isotopes. Varying the number of ele

11、ctrons results in ions. Isotopes and ions of an atom with a constant number of protons are all variations of a single element. 电子绕核外。几乎所有原子的质量是其核心；几乎所有原子的原子量是通过电子占领。质子数（也被称为原子数）决定元素。改变同位素的中子数。改变离子的数量。具有恒定数量的质子的原子的同位素和离子都是一个单一元素的变化。The particles within an atom are bound together by powerful forces. I

12、n general, electrons are easier to add or remove from an atom than a proton or neutron. Chemical reactions largely involve atoms or groups of atoms and the interactions between their electrons. 原子部的粒子是由强大的力量结合在一起。在一般情况下，电子是更容易添加或删除从一个原子比一个质子或中子。化学反应在很大程度上涉与原子或原子团，以与它们的电子之间的相互作用。2. Chemical BondingAt

13、oms are the basic building blocks of all types of matter. Atoms link to other atoms through chemicals bonds resulting from the strong attractive forces that exist between the atoms. So what exactly is a chemical bond? It is a region that forms when electrons from different atoms interact with each o

14、ther. The electrons that participate in chemical bonds are the valence electrons, which are the electrons found in an atoms outermost shell. When two atoms approach each other these outer electrons interact. Electrons repel each other, yet they are attracted to the protons within atoms. The interpla

15、y of forces results in some atoms forming bonds with each other and sticking together. 2。化学键原子是所有类型物质的基本组成块。原子通过化学键连接到其他原子，产生的原子之间存在着很强的引力作用。那么到底什么是化学键？当电子从不同的原子相互作用时，它是一个形成的区域。参与化学键的电子是价电子，这是在原子的最外层中发现的电子。当两个原子相互接近时，这些外电子相互作用。电子相互排斥，但它们被原子的质子所吸引。在某些原子的相互作用，形成相互联系，并粘在一起的原子。Ionic bondsIonic bonds ari

16、se from elements with low electronegativity(almost empty outer shells) reacting with elements with high electronegativity (mostly full outer shells). In this case there is a complete transfer of electrons. A well known example is table salt, sodium chloride. Sodium gives up its one outer shell elect

17、ron completely to chlorine which needs only one electron to fill its shell. Thus, the attraction between these atoms is much like static electricity since opposite charges attract. 离子键离子键出现低电负性元素（几乎是空的外壳）具有高电负性元素的反应（主要是完整的外壳）。在这种情况下，有一个完整的电子转移。 一个众所周知的例子是表盐，氯化钠。钠完全将它的一个外壳电子完全化为氯，只需要一个电子来填充它的外壳。因此，这些

18、原子之间的吸引力是很像静电，因为相反的电荷吸引。Covalent bondCovalent bonds involve a complete sharing of electrons and occurs most commonly between atoms that have partially filled outer shells or energy levels. Thus if the atoms are similar in negativity then the electrons will be shared. Carbon forms covalent bonds. The

19、 electrons are in hybrid orbitals formed by the atoms involved as in this example: ethane. Diamond is strong because it involves a vast network of covalent bonds between the carbon atoms in the diamond.共价键共价键涉与一个完整的共享电子，发生最常见的原子之间的部分填充的外壳或能量水平。因此，如果原子类似于负性，那么电子将被共享。碳形成共价键。电子在混合轨道形成的原子所涉与的在这个例子：乙烷。钻石

20、是强大的，因为它涉与到一个巨大的网络中的碳原子之间的共价键的钻石。Polar Covalent Bond. These bonds are in between covalent and ionic bonds in that the atoms share electrons but the electrons spend more of their time around on atom versus the others in the compound. This type of bond occurs when the atoms involved differ greatly in

21、electronegativity. The most familiar example is water. Oxygen is much more electronegative than hydrogen, and so the electrons involved in bonding the water molecule spend more time there. The fact that water is a polar covalently bonded molecule has a number of implications for molecules that are d

22、issolved in water. In particular, molecules with polar covalent bonds can break apart when they encounter water molecules. They are broken apart because of the electricalattraction between the dissimilar charges of the molecules. Also, since ionically bonded molecules involve ions with opposite char

23、ges, water with its polar covalent bonds can separate ions from each other and then surround the ions which prevents them from recombining. The properties of water all relate to this polar covalent bonding. 极性共价键。 这些债券是在共价键和离子键之间，原子共享电子，但电子花费更多的时间在原子与其他化合物在化合物中的原子之间的相互关系。这类债券时所涉与的原子电负性大不同。最熟悉的例子是水。氧

24、的电负性高于氢多，所以参与键合的水分子会花更多的时间在电子。水是一个极性共价键的分子的事实，有一些对溶解在水中的分子的影响。特别是，极性共价键的分子可以打破分开时，他们遇到水分子。他们被打破了，因为分子的不同电荷之间的电引力。同时，由于离子键分子与带有相反电荷的离子，其极性共价键离子水可以分开彼此，然后围绕离子阻止重组。水的性质都与这种极性共价键合。Hydrogen Bond.The fact that the oxygen end of a water molecule is negatively charged and the hydrogen end positively charged

25、 means that the hydrogens of one water molecule attract the oxygen of its neighbor and vice versa. This is because unlike charges attract. This largely electrostatic attraction is called a hydrogen bond and is important in determining many important properties of water that make it such an important

26、 liquid for living things. Water can also form this type of bond with other polar molecules or ions such as hydrogen or sodium ions. Further, hydrogen bonds can occur within and between other molecules. For instance, the two strands of a DNA molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bon

27、ding between water molecules and the amino acids of proteins are involved in maintaining the proteins proper shape. This picture represents a small group of water molecules. Hydrogen bonds between unlike charges are shown as lines without arrows on the ends. The double arrowed lines represent the fa

28、ct that like charges repel each other. Both hydrogen bonds and the repelling forces balance each other and are both are important in determining the properties of water.氢键。事实上，一个水分子的氧端带负电荷和正电荷的氢的完毕意味着一个水分子的氢原子吸引氧邻国和反之亦然。这是因为不同的收费吸引。这在很大程度上是静电引力被称为氢键，是重要的，在确定许多重要的水的性质，使它成为一个重要的生活的东西的液体。水也可以形成这种类型的键与其

29、他的极性分子或离子，如氢或钠离子。此外，氢键可以发生在和其他分子之间的。例如，一个DNA分子的两条链通过氢键结合在一起。水分子与蛋白质的氨基酸之间的氢键参与维持蛋白质的适当的形状。这照片代表了一小组水分子。不同电荷之间的氢键被显示为两端没有箭头的线。双箭头线代表的是同种电荷互相排斥。氢键和排斥力相互平衡，都是在确定水的性质很重要。3. Types of chemical reactionsA chemical reaction is a process that always results in the conversion of reactants into product or prod

30、ucts. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants. A type of a chemical reaction is usually characterized by the type of chemical change, and it yields one or more products which are, in general, different from the reactants. Generally speaking, chemica

31、l reactions encompass changes that strictly involve the motion of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds. 三.化学反应的类型化学反应是一个过程，总是会导致反应物转化为产品或产品。最初参与化学反应的物质或物质称为反应物。一种化学反应的类型通常是由化学变化的类型，它产生一个或多个产品，在一般情况下，不同的反应物。一般来说，化学反应包括改变，严格涉与电子在化学键的形成和断裂的运动。Chemical equations are often used to desc

32、ribe the chemical transformations of elementary particles that occur during the reaction. Chemical changes are a result of chemical reactions. All chemical reactions involve a change in substances and a change in energy. However, neither matter nor energy is created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. There are so many chemical reactions that it is helpful to classify them into different types including the widely used terms for describing common reactions.化学方程经常被用来描述在反应过程中发生的基本粒子的化学变换。化学变化是化学反应的结果。所有的化学反应都涉与物质的变化和能量的变