英语翻译课复习资料.docx

1、英语翻译课复习资料考试题型：单句翻译8个：英译汉、汉译英各4个。篇章翻译英译汉2篇，一篇来自课内，一篇来自课外；汉译英一篇，来自课内。技能测试12个：01. 拆分法拆分法是指将一个长句拆分翻译成两个或两个以上若干短句的方法。The handshake is thought to have originated in medieval Europe as a way for kings and knights to show that they did not intend to harm each other and possessed no concealed weapons. (拆分法)握

2、手据称源自中世纪的欧洲。那时国王和骑士用握手来表明他们没有伤害对方的意图，也没有暗藏武器。 02. 合并法合并法是指将两个或两个以上若干短句合并翻译成一个长句的方法。中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。（合并法） China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, fores

3、ts and places for urban and other uses. 03. 增补法增补法也叫增词法，是指在翻译过程中视意义表达需要在源句基础上增加词语的方法。Amelia took the news very palely and calmly.埃米丽亚获悉这个消息的时候，脸色苍白，神情镇静。04. 省略法省略法也叫减词法，是指在翻译过程中视意义表达需要对源句中一些词语略去不做翻译的方法。He looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去忧郁烦恼。05. 词性转换法（词类转化法）词类转换法是指在翻译过程中视意义表达需要将源句中一些词语转换词性进行翻译的方法。Ind

4、ependent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction. (词类转换法）有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面所取得的成就给予了很高的评价。06. 正反译法（正反转化法）英语正面表达指的是不带否定词no, not, never等的句子,或不带含否定前缀non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-和否定后缀-less等的句子,否则则是反面表达。汉语正面表达是指不带 “不,没,非,未,否,无,莫,勿,别,”等否定词的句子,否则则是反面表达。正反译法包括正说反译法

5、和反说正译法。注意：不要把“正”、“反”理解成“肯定”和“否定”。Only five customers remained in the bar.酒吧间只有五个顾客还没走。I wrote three books in the first two years, a record never reached before.我头两年写了三本书，打破了以往的纪录。Wet paint! 油漆未干！07. 主被动转换法主被动转换法是指源句为主动语态的句子翻译成被动语态，源句为被动语态的句子翻译成主动语态。拥有人工智能的第五代电脑正在发展和完善中。(主被动转换法)Thefifthgenerationcomp

6、uters, withartificialintelligence,arebeingdevelopedandperfectednow.08. 移植法所谓移植法即借用法，是指借用源文词语到译文中。移植法分为直接移植和半移植两种情况。 一、直接移植： 将原文中的词语原封不动地 挪用过来，例如： KTV; DISCO; IQ; EQ; AQ；FQ。半移植有两种情况：一是音译，例如：Haughton （霍顿）， Hemingway （海明威），Dink （丁克） ，功夫 （kongfu）。二是音意结合译法，例如Yappie （雅皮士 ）、 Yorktown 约克镇 等。09. 引申法引申法也叫词义引申

7、法是翻译中的一种普遍现象。所谓引申法，是指不拘泥词的字面意义或词典上提供的译文、释义而根据上下文对词义做必要的调整、变动和引申。引申分为意义引申和修辞引申。The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.我前面的车突然停下来，我错过了绿灯。（意义引申）He wouldnt tell them，but kept them in suspense all day.他不告诉他们，而是使他们终日牵肠挂肚。（修辞引申）10. 直译加注法直译加注指直接翻译原文，并附加解释性注释。注释可长可短，既可采用文中注释，也可采用脚注，还可二者合用。 直译加

8、注法常用于文化特色词翻译。注意：直译加注法，注释形式为词组或句子。I am as poor as Job, my lord, but not so patient.我象约伯一样穷的，大人，可是却没有他那样的好耐心。*在圣经中，约伯以忍耐贫穷著称。Big Apple 大苹果（纽约的别称）Desert Storm 沙漠风暴（1991年美国领导的多国部队对伊拉克实施的军事打击行动）Oval Office 椭圆形办公室（美国白宫总统办公室）11. 重复法重复法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的词是上文刚刚出现过的词。They lived there for many years, he in fro

9、nt of the mountain, she behind it. 他们住在那儿好多年了，他住在山前，她住在山后。12. 句序重组法指在进行翻译时，为了使译文流畅和更符合目的语的习惯，在捋清句子的结构、弄懂原文意义的基础上，彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式，对句子进行重新组合。 The Austrian capital Vienna, which was home to Mozart and Beethoven, among others, and has a population of 1.7million, has the best living standards in the world,

10、 according to an annual quality of living survey. (句序重组法)根据一项年度生活质量调查，人口170万的奥地利首都维也纳拥有全世界最高的生活水平。它也是莫扎特和贝多芬等名人的故乡。 英译汉5篇：欣赏篇：3. How to Grow Old; 4. The Song of the River实践篇：2. Youth; 4. Venice; 15. How American Universities Collect Tuition3.How to grow old (excerpt)As regards health, I have nothing

11、 useful to say since I have little experience of illness. I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake. I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome.Psychologically there are two dange

12、rs to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead. Ones thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done. Th

13、is is not always easy; ones own past is a gradually increasing weight. It is easy to think to oneself that ones emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and ones mind more keen. If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.The other thing to be avo

14、ided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigor from its vitality. When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous.

15、 I do not mean that one should be without interest in them, but ones interest should be contemplative and, if possible, philanthropic, but not unduly emotional. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infanc

16、y, find this difficult.I think that a successful old age is easier for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being

17、 oppressive. It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you conce

18、rn yourself with your children and grandchildren. In that case you must realize that while you can still render them material services, such as making them an allowance or knotting them jumpers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.译文：怎样才能活得老（节选）伯兰特 . 罗素 谈到健康问题，我就没有什么可说的了，因为我没怎么生过病。

19、我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就喝什么，眼睛睁不开了就睡觉，从来不对身体有益而搞什么活动，然而实际上我喜欢做的事大都是有助于增进健康的。 从心理方面来说，到了老年，有两种危险倾向需要注意防止。一是过分地怀念过去。老想着过去，总觉得过去怎么好怎么好，或者总是为已故的朋友而忧伤，这是不妥的。一个人应当考虑未来，考虑一些可以有所作为的事情。要做到这一点并非总是容易的；自己过去的经历就是一个越来越沉重的包袱。人们往往会对自己说，我过去感情多么丰富，思想多么敏锐，现在不行了。如果真是这样的话，那就不要去想它，而如果不去想它，情形就很可能不是这样了。 另一件需要避免的事就是老想和年轻人呆在一起，希望从青年的

20、活动中汲取力量。孩子们长大之后，就希望独立生活，如果你还像他们年幼时那样关心他们，你就会成为他们的累赘，除非他们特别麻木不仁。我不是说一个人不应当关心孩子，而是说这种关心主要应该是多为他们着想，可能的话，给他们一些接济，而不应该过分地动感情。动物，一旦它们的后代能够自己照顾自己，它们就不管了；但是人，由于抚养子女的时间长，是难以这样做的。 我认为，如果老年人对于个人以外的事情怀有强烈的兴趣，并参加适当的活动，他们的晚年是最容易过得好的。在这一方面，他们由于阅历深，是能够真正做到卓有成效的，也正是在这一方面，他们从经验中得出的智慧既可以发挥作用，又不致使人感到强加于人。告诫成年的子女不要犯错误，

21、那是没有用的，一来他们不听你的，二来犯错误本身也是受教育的一个重要方面。但是如果你这个人对于个人以外的事情不发生兴趣，就会感到生活空虚，除非你老惦记着儿孙。在这种情况下，你可要明白，虽然你还可以在物质方面给他们以帮助，比如给他们零用钱，或者为他们织毛衣，但你决不要指望他们会喜欢跟你作伴。4. The song of the River You hear it all along the river. You hear it, loud and strong, from the rowers as they urge the junk with its high stern, the mast

22、lashed alongside, down the swift running stream. You hear it from the trackers, a more breathless chant, as they pull desperately against the current, half a dozen of them perhaps if they are taking up wupan, a couple of hundred if they are hauling a splendid junk, its square sail set, over a rapid.

23、 On the junk, a man stands amidships beating a drum incessantly to guide their efforts, and they pull with all their strength, like men possessed, bent double; and sometimes in the extremity of their travail they craw on the ground, on all fours, like the beasts of the field. They strain, strain fie

24、rcely, against the pitiless might of the stream. The leader goes up and down the line and when he sees one who is not putting all his will into the task he brings down his split bamboo on the naked back. Each one must do his utmost or the labour of all is vain. And still they sing a vehement, eager

25、chant, the chant of the turbulent waters. I do not know words can describe what there is in it of effort. It serves to express the straining heart, the breaking muscles, and at the same time the indomitable spirit of man which overcomes the pitiless force of nature. Though the rope may part and the

26、great junk swing back, in the end the rapid will be passed; and at the close of the weary day there is the hearty meal.But the most agonizing song is the song of the coolies who bring the great bales from the junk up the steep steps to the town wall. Up and down they go, endlessly, and endless as th

27、eir toil rises their rhythmic cry. He, aw -ah, oh. They are barefoot and naked to the waist. The sweat pours down their faces and their song is a groan of pain. It is a sigh of despair. It is heart-rending. It is hardly human. It is the cry of souls in infinite distress, only just musical, and that

28、last note is the ultimate sob of humanity. Life is too hard, too cruel, and this is the final despairing protest. That is the song of the river.译文：河之歌 沿河上下都可以听见那歌声。它响亮而有力，那是船夫，他们划着木船顺流而下，船尾翘得很高，桅杆系在船边。它也可能是比较急促的号子，那是纤夫，他们拉纤逆流而上，如果拉的是小木船，也许就只五六个人；如果拉的是扬着横帆的大船过急滩，那就要两百来人。船中央站着一个汉子不停地击鼓助威，引导他们加劲。于是他们使出

29、全部力量，像着了魔似的，腰弯成两折，有时力量用到极限就全身趴在地上匍匐前进，像田里的牲口。他们使劲，拼命使劲，对抗着水流无情的威力。领头的在纤绳前后跑来跑去，见到有人没有全力以赴，竹板就打在他光着的背上。每个人都必须竭尽全力，否则就要前功尽弃。就这样他们还是唱着激昂而热切的号子，那汹涌澎湃的河水号子。我不知道词语怎样能描写其中所包含的拼搏，它表现的是绷紧的心弦，几乎要断裂的筋肉，同时也表现了人类克服无情的自然力的顽强精神。虽然绳子可能扯断，大船可能倒退，但最终险滩必将通过，在筋疲力尽的一天结束时可以痛快地吃上一顿饱饭 然而最令人难受的却是苦力的歌，他们背负船上卸下的大包，沿着陡坡爬上城墙。他们

30、不停地上上下下，随着无尽的劳动响起有节奏的喊声：嗨，哟嗬，嗨。他们赤着脚，光着背，汗水不断地从脸上留下。他们的歌是痛苦的呻吟，失望的叹息，听来令人心碎，简直不像是人的声音。它是灵魂在无尽悲戚中的呼喊，只不过有着音乐的节奏而已。那终了的一声简直就是人性泯灭的低泣。生活太艰难，太残酷，这喊声正是最后绝望的抗议。这就是河之歌。2.Youth Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of

31、 the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody gr

32、ows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spring back to dust. Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human beings heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite of whats next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it rece