1、They are always late for school. 他们总是上学迟到。He has never been there. 他从来没去过那里。Sometimes Tony goes to school by bike. 托尼有时骑自行车去上学。He has lunch in the factory sometimes他有时在工厂吃午饭。 We sometimes go skiing in winter. 冬天我们有时去滑雪。I read this story some times这个故事我读过好几次了。5.5 hardly ever 表示“几乎从不;很少;难得”。 =almost n
2、ever或very seldom,相当于百分之几或0%的频率。 He hardly ever goes to bed before nine oclock.6 never=at no time或not ever表示“永不,从未”之意,相当于0%的频率。位置比较灵活,可以放在句首。例如: Never have I seen such a strange looking man. 我从来没见过长相这样怪的人B)对频率副词提问通常用how often这一短语,意为“多久一次”。Li Ming usually does his homework after supper. (对划线部分提问) How
3、often does Li Ming do his homework after supper?另外,表示频率还可用一些副词短语来表示,如once a week一周一次,three times a year一年三次等。Take this medicine after meal three times a day. 这药饭后服用,一日三次。How often do you go shopping? 你多久购物一次?Once a week. 每周一次。【跟踪练习】 选择填空: 1. He _ goes to bed too late, because he has to get up early
4、every day. A. always B. never C. usuallyD. sometimes 2. _ does Tom write a letter to his parents? Twice a month. A. How often B. How many times C. How soon D. How long 3. They are going to stay here for _. A. sometime B. sometimes C. some time D. some times 4. He hardly has lunch at home, _? A. does
5、 he B. doesnt he C. has he D. hasnt he 5. She always finishes her homework on time. She _ leaves it for tomorrow. A. always B. never C. usually D. sometimes (1)sometimes的意思是“有时”,是副词。Sometimes he comes by bike and sometimes by bus. 他有时骑车来,有时乘公共汽车来。(2)sometime也是副词,意思是“在某个时候”。可用于一般过去时与将来时。You can hand
6、in your homework sometime before Friday. 你可以在周五前某个时候交作业。(3)some time是名词短语,它的意思是“一段时间”。Ill be away for some time. 我将离开一段时间。(4)some times也是一个名词短语,time在这里用作可数名词,意思是“次数”。some times的意思是“几次”。I have been to the Great Wall some times. 我去过长城几次。英语补语概念英语补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最
7、常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。主语的补语它用在系动词后,是句子的一个基本成分。常用主系表结构。1.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一起,至少,我认为是她。(her做宾语,with短语做宾补) 2. - Who broke the vase? -谁打碎了花瓶?- Me. -我。 (me做主语补语= Its me.) 3.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
8、(she做主语补语) 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。宾语的补语1.不定式(to do) Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。We made him copy the sentence. He is made to copy the sentence. I felt my hands tremble. 2.名词 At the meeting we elected him monitor. I think your brother i
9、s a clever boy. 3.形容词 What you said made Xiao Wang angry. I found the classroom empty 4.副词 Please call the students back at once. He was seen to take his cap off. 5.现在分词 We hear him singing in the hall. I found him lying in bed, sleeping. 6.过去分词 He saw his face reflected in the water. I heard it spo
10、ken of in the next room. 主语补足语与宾语补足语的联系 1、主动语态中的宾语补足语,可以转化为被动语态中的主语补足语。eg. They caught boy stealing. (stealing 作为宾语补足语) 转化为被动语态 The boy was caught stealing. (stealing转化为主语补足语) 2、被动语态的主语补足语与主动语态的宾语补足语是密切相关的。(1) I saw him playing basketball yesterday. (2) He was seen playing basketball yesterday. 句(1)
11、中的含义不是我看见他,而是我看见他正在打篮球。playing basketball是宾语him的补足语。所以叫宾语补足语。句(2)中的含义也不是他被看,而是别人看见他正在打篮球。这里的playing basketball是主语he的补足语,故称作主语补足语。主语和主语补足语一起称作复合主语。所以含有主语补足语的句子一般是被动语态,谓语动词是可以接复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)的及物动词。句首的主语就是主语补足语的逻辑主语。定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定
12、语。 汉语中常用的表示。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。在汉语中,中心语与定语二者之间有的需要用结构助词“的”,有的不需要,有的可要可不要。 “的”是定语的标志。英语定语顺序一、多层定语从远到近的顺序一般是:表领属关系(谁的) 表示时间、处所(什么时候、什么地方) 表指代或数量 (多少) 表动词性词语、主谓短语 (怎样的) 表形容词性短语 (什么样的) 表性质、类别或范围 (什么) 二、多层定语的排列还遵循以下的规律:1、带“的”的定语一般放在不带“的”的定语之前。例如只能说“蓝色的呢子大衣”,不能说“呢子蓝色的大衣”。其中,不带“的”动词直接作定语修饰中心语,在形容词和名
13、词之后,例如“一顿丰盛的烤羊肉”、“新型取暖设备”。2、结构复杂的定语一般放在结构简单的定语之前。例如“刚从国外进口的教学用的数码录音设备”,一般不能说成“教学用的刚从国外进口的数码录音设备”。这是从两个角度上看到的所遵循的规律,基本上首先遵循规律一,然后遵循规律二。The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)/小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。Tom is a handsome boy.(handsome修饰名词boy)/Tom是个英俊的男孩。There is a good boy.(good修饰名词boy)/有个乖男孩。数
14、词作定语相当于形容词:Two boys need two pens.(two修饰名词boy:two修饰名词pen)/两个男孩需要两支钢笔。The two boys are students.(two修饰名词boy)/这两个男孩是学生。There are two boys in the room.(two修饰名词boy)/房间里有两个男孩。代词或名词所有格作定语:His boy needs Toms pen.(his修饰名词boy;Toms修饰名词pen)/他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。His name is Tom.(his修饰名词name)/他的名字是汤姆。There are two boys
15、of Toms there.(two修饰名词boy;of与物主代词连用做定语修饰名词boy)/那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。介词短语作定语The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.(in the classroom 修饰名词boy;of yours修饰名词pen)/教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom.(in blue修饰名词boy)/穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.(two,three,of 9和of10修饰名词boy)/有两个9岁的,三
16、个10岁的男孩。名词作定语The boy needs a ball pen.(ball修饰名词pen)/男孩需要一支圆珠笔。It is a ball pen.(ball修饰名词pen)/这是一支圆珠笔。There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.(the pencil box修饰名词ball pen )/这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。副词作定语The boy there needs a pen.(there修饰名词boy)/那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。The best boy here is Tom.(here修饰名词boy)/这里最棒的男孩是Tom。不定
17、式作定语The boy to write this letter needs a pen.( to write this letter 修饰名词boy)/写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。The boy to write this letter is Tom.(to write this letter 修饰名词boy)/将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。There is nothing to do today.(to do 修饰名词nothing)/今天没有事要做。分词(短语)作定语The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.( smiling 修饰名词
18、boy;bought by his mother修饰名词pen)/那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。The pen bought by her is made in China.(bought by her 修饰名词pen;bought by her 修饰名词pen)/她买的笔是中国产的。There are five boys left.(five修饰名词boy;left修饰名词boy)/有五个留下的男孩。定语从句The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.(who修饰名词boy;which 修饰名词pen
19、)/那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。The boy you will know is Tom.(you will know 修饰名词boy)/你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。There are five boys who will play the game.(who 修饰名词boy)/参加游戏的男孩有五个。定语的位置一般有两种:用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语,用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。1)定语前置 在英语里,一般定语前置时的次序为:限定词,形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。但当几个形容词同时出现
20、在名词短语之前,我们要注意其次序。其形容词遵循的词序为:限观形龄色国材,指:限定词(一般指数量);外观(美丽等);形状(大小,高矮,肥瘦);年龄;颜色;国籍;材料;用途。1限定词 2 外观 3形状 4年龄 5颜色 6国籍 7材料 8用途 A famous American university. An interesting little red French oil painting. A new plastic bucket. A purple velvet curtains. An elegant German clock. 另外,有些形容词也有特殊的次序:(1) 描述身体特征的形容词先
21、于表示情感和性格特征的形容词 例如:a small lovely girl , a long patient queue , a pale anxious patient ;(2) 表示颜色的形容词放在表示情感和性格特征的形容词之后 a kindly black teacher ,an inquisitive brown dog ;(3) little ,old 和young 有时可以作为名词短语不可分割的一部分,所以可以直接放在名词之前, a lovely little girl (4) 表示性格特征的形容词可以放在old young 之前,也可放在old young 之后,例如:a you
22、ng ambitious man (强调年龄) ,an ambitious young man(强调雄心勃勃) 。当然,三个以上形容词连用作定语,就显得累赘,因此上面所说的情况一般较少出现. 2)定语后置 (1)短语作定语一般后置 It was a conference fruitful of results. 那是一个硕果累累的会议。He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语是一门容易学但是难精通的语言。The bo
23、ys hardest to teach are all in his class.最难教的男生都在他的班里了。(2)修饰some,any,no,every等词构成的不定代词的定语都后置 Lets go somewhere quiet. 咱们去找个安静一点的地方吧。There is nothing important in todays newspaper. 今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西。Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗?(3)副词作定语 The people here are very friendly. 这里的人很友好。They live
24、d in the room above.他们住在楼上的房间。(4)动词、名词转化而来的以-able,-ible 结尾的形容词作定语 He is a person dependable. 他是一个可以依靠的人 This is the only transportation means available. 这是唯一可行的交通工具。(5)起强调用的单个分词 Everybody involved should stay here. The college mentioned. (6)特殊词 Could you tell me something imporpant. 3) 定语从句 英语里有大量的定
25、语从句,而汉语里却没有定语从句的说法。英语中定语从句中甚至还可能包含定语从句,即多重定语从句。 A healthy diet includes enough but not too many kinds of foods that provide the body with the nutrients that it needs to function properly. (健康的饮食包括的食物应该充足但又不过多。这些食物提供身体正常活动所必需的营养) (1)英语的复合句中,分句以其主句为基干,通过连接手段,一层一层地展开,就好像一棵树的树干上长出大枝子,大枝子上再长出小枝子。汉语的分句则更多
26、按照时间发生的顺序出现,依次展开。如: “伟大领袖和导师毛主席领导中国共产党进行了艰苦卓绝的斗争,建立了新中国,人民得到了解放,科学得到了解放。”这句话,译成英语便成了With the founding of new China (which was) born of arduous struggles (which were) waged by the Chinese Communist Party (which was) under the leadership of our great leader and teacher Chairman Mao , our people , and
27、science as well , won emancipation.(王良兰,2003) (2)英语中的非限制性定语从句所表达的信息,在汉语里一般由另一个小句来表达。用非限制性定语从句时,前应加逗号,并且非限制性定语从句引导词只能用which,不能用that。She asked for his help which he gladly gave. 她要求他帮忙,他愉快地帮助了她。再如: It was a century during which the country suffered continuously from wars. 一个世纪过去了,在这期间这个国家不断遭受战乱之苦。英语状语状语的功能:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。1.副词一般在句子中做状语He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好.中的very是程度副词,用来修饰well。very
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