胡壮麟《语言学教程》修订版学习指导Word下载.docx

1、需要说明的是，我在整理资料的过程中，得到了ksguobw, lxm1000w, micronannan, 天使精灵（排名不分先后）等朋友的资源共享和大力协助，在此对他们以及一贯支持冰暖茶的朋友们表示感谢！由于水平有限，加之时间仓促，疏漏之处在所难免，欢迎各位读者批评指正。冰暖茶 2006年11月目 录前言 1目录 3第一部分 各章节提纲笔记 4Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 4Chapter 2 Speech Sounds 8Chapter 3 Lexicon 14Chapter 4 Syntax 21Chapter 5 Meaning 26Chapt

2、er 6 Language Processing in Mind 29Chapter 7 Language, Culture and Society 35Chapter 8 Language in Use 38Chapter 9 Language and Literature 44Chapter 10 Language and Computer 49Chapter 11 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching53Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics 59第二部分 重点章节测试题 6

3、7Test One Invitations to Linguistics 67Test Two Phonetics and Phonology 70Test Three Morphology 73Test Four Syntax 76Test Five Semantics 79Test Six Pragmatics 82Test Seven Language, Culture and Society 85Test Eight Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics 88第三部分 测试题参考答案 91参考书目 100第一部分 各章节提纲笔记Chapt

4、er 1 Invitations to Linguistics1.1 Why study language? 1. Language is very essential to human beings. 2. In language there are many things we should know. 3. For further understanding, we need to study language scientifically.1.2 What is language? Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a

5、 system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 ArbitrarinessArbitrariness refers to the fact

6、 that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 DualityDuality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles o

7、f organization. 1.3.3 CreativityCreativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility o

8、f creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 DisplacementDisplacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present （in time and space） at the moment of conversation.1.4 Origin of language 1. The bow-wow theoryIn primitive times people imitated

9、the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that. 2. The pooh-pooh theoryIn the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language. 3. The “yo-he-ho” theoryAs primitive pe

10、ople worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sak

11、e; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. Halliday （1994） proposes a theory of metafunctions of

12、language. It means that language has three metafunctions:1. Ideational function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer;2. Interpersonal function: embodying all use of language to express social and personal relationships;3. Textual function: referring to t

13、he fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken and written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences.According to Hu Zhuanglin, language has at least seven functions:1.5.1 Informative The informative function me

14、ans language is the instrument of thought and people often use it to communicate new information.1.5.2 Interpersonal function The interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society.1.5.3 Performative The performative function of language is prima

15、rily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.1.5.4 Emotive function The emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it

16、is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.1.5.5 Phatic communion The phatic communion means people always use some small, seemingly meaningless expressions such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day, etc., to maintain a comfortable relations

17、hip between people without any factual content.1.5.6 Recreational function The recreational function means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a babys babbling or a chanters chanting.1.5.7 Metalingual function The metalingual function means people can use language to talk abou

18、t itself. E.g. I can use the word “book” to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression “the word book” to talk about the sign “b-o-o-k” itself.1.6 What is linguistics? Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language o

19、f all human beings.1.7 Main branches of linguistics 1.7.1 PhoneticsPhonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. 1.7.2 PhonologyPhonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequenci

20、ng of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. 1.7.3 MorphologyMorphology studies the minimal units of meaning morphemes and word-formation processes. 1.7.4 SyntaxSyntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation o

21、f sentences. 1.7.5 Semantics Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. 1.7.6 Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context.1.8 Macrolinguistics Macrolinguistics is the study of language in all aspects, distinct from microlinguistics, which dealt solely with the formal aspec

22、t of language system. 1.8.1 PsycholinguisticsPsycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example. 1.8.2 SociolinguisticsSociolinguistics is a term which covers a variety of different interests in langua

23、ge and society, including the language and the social characteristics of its users. 1.8.3 Anthropological linguisticsAnthropological linguistics studies the relationship between language and culture in a community. 1.8.4 Computational linguisticsComputational linguistics is an interdisciplinary fiel

24、d which centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language.1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics 1.9.1 Descriptive vs. prescriptiveTo say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a l

25、anguage-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness.Prescriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all.For example, “Dont say X.” is a prescriptive command; “Pe

26、ople dont say X.” is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. In the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. However, modern linguistics is mostly descriptive because the nature of linguistic

27、s as a science determines its preoccupation with description instead of prescription. 1.9.2 Synchronic vs. diachronicA synchronic study takes a fixed instant （usually at present） as its point of observation. Saussures diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its histor

28、y. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeares time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. The reason is that unless the various state of a language are successfully studied it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 1.9.3 Langue & pa