英国文学史 个人整理.docx

1、TheMedievalEnglishLiterature2.1ABriefSurveyInthesecondhalfofthe14thcentury,EnglishliteraturestartstoflourishIncomparisonwithOldEnglishliterature,MiddleEnglishliteraturedealswithawiderrangeofsubjects,isutteredbymorevoicesandispresentedinagreaterdiversityofstyles,tonesandgenres,includingpopularfolk.Th

2、eMiddleEnglishliteraturestronglyreflectstheprinciplesofthemedievalChristiandoctrines,mainlyontheissueofpersonalsalvationandthehumanityofChristandtheimageryofhumanpassion.ThelackoforiginalityinMiddleEnglishliteratureispartlyduetotheChristianteaching.2.2MedievalRomanceRomanceusesnarrativeverseorproset

3、osingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds.Characterizationisstandardized,whilethestructureislooseandepisodic,thelanguageissimpleandstraightforwarD.Englishromancemainlydealsthreemajorsubjects:the“MatterofFrance,”the“MatterofRome,”andthe“MatterofBritain”The“MatterofFrance”meantacollectionoftalesaboutC

4、halemagne,themightyrulerofFranceandneighboringcountriesaroundtheyearA.D.800,andhispeersheadedbyRoland,andtheirwarsagainsttheSaracens.The“MatterofRome”coveredeverythingthathadcomedownfromtheancientRomans,andfromtheGreeksalso.ThisincludedRomanhistoryandpoetry,alsoincludedGreekmythology.The“MatterofBri

5、tain”meantthelegendaryhistoryofBritain,whereKingArthurcamein.ExcerptsfromTheGeneralPrologueoftheCanterburyTalesAuthor:GeoffreyChaucer.FrameworkofTheCanterburyTales:ChaucerusedpilgrimageasaframeworkforstoriesinCanterburyTales.Theworkconsistsofthreeparts:TheGeneralPrologue;24tales,twoofwhichunfinished

6、;andseparateprologuestoeachtale.GeneralPrologue:composedofaseriesofsketchesdifferingwidelyinlengthandmethod,blendingtheindividualandthetypicalinvaryingdegrees.ThePurposes,5“To”,P65.Thepilgrimsareamicrocosmof14thcenturyEnglishsociety.Thetoneofthewholeworkisgratefulacceptanceoflife.InTheCanterburyTale

7、s,ChauceremployedtheheroiccoupletwithtrueeaseandcharmforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.RenaissanceP91Renaissance,regardedastheresultofanewemphasisuponthenewlydiscoveredGreekandPomanclassicsandthecombinationorcompromiseofanewlyinterpretedChristiantraditionandanardentlyadmiredtraditionofp

8、aganclassicalculture,isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtolifttherestrictioninallareasplacedbytheRomanCatholicChurchauthorities.Inthemedievalsoci

9、ety,peopleasindividualswerelargelysubordinatedtothefeudalistrulewithoutanyfreedomandindependence;andinmedievaltheology,peoplesrelationshipstotheworldaboutthemwerelargelyreducedtoaproblemofadaptingoravoidingthecircumstancedofearthlylifeinandefforttopreparetheirsoulsforafuturelifeinthenextworlD.Byemph

10、asizingtheedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,humanistsoftheRenaissancevoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtopreparehimselfandtoperformwonders.TheSixteenth-CenturypoetryFollowingthemaintraditionofantiquityandt

11、heMiddleAges,theRenaissancepoetrywasaddressedtoReasonasauniversalmoralguide;itwascomposedontheassumptionthatthefunctionofpoetrywastoteachbydelighting-to“interpretnature”andtoinfluencemensactions.Generally,Renaissancepoetswouldplaceepicatthepinnacleoftheirgenresystem,andpastoralpoemsatthebase.Maincat

12、egories:pastoralpoetry;poemsinthesatiricalmode,poemsinthelyricmode,includingthesonnetandthesongsofElizabethsreign;poemsintragicmode;poemsinmythological-eroticmode;poemsinheroicmode.Amostimportantlyricgenreinthe16thcenturywasthesonnet,itsconventionswereestablishedbyPetrarch.Sonnethascometoidentifiedb

13、yitsformalstructure,a14-linepoeminiambicpentameter,inthreeprincipalrhymingpatterns,theso-calledEnglishsonnetisdividedstructurallyintothreequatrainsandacouplet.EdmundSpenser:“thepoetspoet”Recognizedbyhiscontemporariesastheforemostpoetofhistime,Spenserwasnotonlyamasterofmeterandlanguagebutaprofoundmor

14、alpoetaswell.TheShepheardesCalendarconsistsof12pastoralpoemsoreclogues,oneforeachmothoftheyear.Thethemesaregenerallyrurallife,nature,loveinthefields.Amorettiisaseriesof88sonnets,describingthecourseofthepoetswooingofElizabethBoyle,hiswife.Spenseradoptedhisownspecialformoflinkedquatrains,rhymingababbc

15、bccdcdee.Epithalamion,thehymnSpenserwrotetocelebratehismarriagewithElizabethBoyle,differentfrommarriagehymnsinitswidermelodiousrangeandbroaderhumanity.TheFaerieQueensetinthemythicalworldofKingArthurandhisknights.12planned,only6completeD.Spenserusesbiblicalallegorytotellhisstory;itspurposewastoeducat

16、e,toturnayoungmanintoagentleman.Twolevelsofallegorypresent,oneexaminesthemoral,philosophicalandreligiousvaluesandisrepresentedbytheRedCrossKnight,whostandsforallChristians,thesecondistheparticular,whichfocusesonthepolitical,social,andreligiousconflictsinthethenEnglishsociety.Briefanalysisof“sonnet75

17、”byEdmundSpenserP111Rhymescheme:ababbcbccdcdeePartOne(Lines1-8)Heistalkingabouthowthingsinthisworldareimpermanent.Hewrotehernameinthesand,butitwashedaway.Shecriticizeshimfortryingtomakeamortalthing(them/theirlove)immortal(lastforever).Parttwo(Lines9-12)Line9beginstheturnofthepoem(turnisapoetryterm).

18、Hehassetupthisideaofimpermanence,butheisgoingtobegintochangethoughthere.Heclaimsthathecanmakeher/.theirloveliveforeveresayshecandothisbyusinghisverse/thissonnet.Hetalksabouthowallpeoplewilldie,andevenwhentheydo,thewholeworldwillstillknowoftheirlove.Partthree(13-14)rhymingcoupletThesetwolinessumupthe

19、wholepoem.Thewholeworldisgoingtodie,butourlovewilllastforever(becauseofthispoem.)ChristopherMarloweHeroandLeander,unfinished,isMarlowesfragmentofaminiatureepic,itisdifferentinverseformandsomewhatdifferentintonefromShakespearesVenusandAdonis.TamburlainetheGreet,adramainblankverse,isabouttheriseandfal

20、lofTimur,theTartarKingofthe14th-centurycentralAsiA.Theplayisatragedyaboutamanwhothinkshecancontrolhisownfatebutfallsnonethelessintoitshand,Marlowvoicedmansdesireforinfinitepowerandauthorityinit.TheJewofMalta,isastudyofthelustforwealth,whichcentersaroundBarabas,StronglysuggestiveofShylockinShakespear

21、esTheMerchantofVenice.EdwardtheSecond,isatragicstudyofakingsweaknessandmisery.莎士比亚课本上的那段章节太长了，不过感觉可能会在小题中出现，建议还是把那个章节全部看一遍。BriefanalysisofSonnet18Thespeakeropensthepoemwithaquestionaddressedtothebeloved:“ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?”Thenextelevenlinesaredevotedtosuchacomparison.Inline2,thespeaker

22、stipulateswhatmainlydifferentiatestheyoungmanfromthesummersday:heis“morelovelyandmoretemperate.”Summersdaystendtowardextremes:theyareshakenby“roughwinds”;inthem,thesun(“theeyeofheaven”)oftenshines“toohot,”ortoodim.Andsummerisfleeting:itsdateistooshort,anditleadstothewitheringofautumn,as“everyfairfro

23、mfairsometimedeclines.”Thefinalquatrainofthesonnettellshowthebeloveddiffersfromthesummerinthatrespect:hisbeautywilllastforever(“Thyeternalsummershallnotfade.”)andneverdie.Inthecouplet,thespeakerexplainshowthebelovedsbeautywillaccomplishthisfeat,andnotperishbecauseitispreservedinthepoem,whichwilllast

24、forever;itwilllive“aslongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee.”AnswertotheStudyQuestions(仅供参考)：1.Theimagesuggestsillumination,brilliance,light,life,andallthingsassociatedwiththesunasthesourceofallthesethings.Shakespearefeelsthesamewayabouttheyoungman;heisinhisprime,inhisglory,fulloflifeandbeautiful;2.above;3

25、.torememberthroughtheprintedword;4.theverse;5.ThisfinalpartofShakespearespromisetotheyouthexplainsthataslongasmaninhabitstheearth,theversewillalwaysexist,andbecauseoftheexistenceoftheverse,theyouthwillliveonforeverinthewords.Hisimageandbeautywillalwaysbecapturedintimeandbecauseitiscaptured,hewillrem

26、ainimmortal;6.?BriefanalysisofSonnet73Thisisatraditionalsonnetcomprisedoffourteenrhymedlinesoftensyllables.Eachlinehasfivefeetconsistingofanunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedone,indicatingthepoemwaswritteniniambicpentameter.ThesevenrhymingpairsaresetoutintheschemeintroducedbySurrey;ABABCDCDEFEFGG

27、.Inthispoem,thespeakerinvokesaseriesofmetaphorstocharacterizethenatureofwhatheperceivestobehisoldage.Inthefirstquatrain,hetellsthebelovedthathisageislikea“timeofyear,”lateautumn,whentheleaveshavealmostcompletelyfallenfromthetrees,andtheweatherhasgrowncold,andthebirdshavelefttheirbranches.Inthesecondquatrain,hethensaysthathisageislikelatetwilight,“Asaftersunsetfadethinthewest,”andtheremaininglightisslowlyextinguishedinthedarkness,whichthespeakerlike