关于针对写作概述的解释.docx

1、关于针对写作概述的解释HR Planning System Integration and Upgrading Research of A Suzhou Institution第六章 写 作一、写作概述1大学英语四级统考对写作的要求大学英语四级考试写作部分的目的是测试考生用英语表达思想的一般能力，考生应根据要求在30分钟内写出大约100120个词的短文。四级考试写作试题是一种指导性写作（Guided writing），实际上文章的语篇结构或主要内容已经确定，不需要考生进行独立的命题写作，考生只需根据题型的要求和提示适当地增添一些具体内容，不能自由发挥，如果题目规定的内容写不出来，考试就会失败。

2、2大学英语四级统考写作的评分原则（1）CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学规定的四级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。（2）CET作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法，阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Rewarding Scores)，而不是按语言的错误数目扣分。（3）从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适当地表达思想，也就是考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。（4）避免趋中倾向，该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括

3、零分阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。3大学英语四级统考写作的评分标准（1） 本题满分为15分。（2） 评分标准共分为五等,2分、5分、8分、11分及14分，各有标准卷一至两份。（3） 阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，诺认为与某一分数(如8分)相似，即定为该分数(即8分)，若认为稍优或劣于该分数，则可以加1分(即9分)，或减一分(即7分)，但不得加或减半分。（4）具体评分标准 2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分基本切题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。 8分基本切题，有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯，

4、语言错误相当多，其中有许多是严重错误。 11分切题表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分切题表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。 (注: 白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分)。（5）字数不足应酌情扣分。累计字数90-9980-8970-7960-6950-5949扣 分123579注：1如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句均不得计入所写字数。 2只写一段者：0一4分；只写两段者：09分(指规定三段的作文)。 二、大学英语四级统考写作题型及写作方法指导在已进行的四级考试中，前五次作文题目均为段首句或段尾句作文，1991年

5、为图表作文，其余的都是提纲作文。自全国大学英语四级考试实施以来，写作一直是考生的薄弱环节，尽管近年来考生的总体水平有了明显的提高，但他们的英语写作能力和成绩却不是很理想，满分15分的作文，考生的平均分一直达不到及格标准（9分）。为了使大家熟悉作文考试题型，提高应试能力，现将四级考试可能考到的题型逐类进行介绍和分析，其中将重点介绍最为常考的提纲式作文。(一) 段首句作文 段首句顾名思义就是每个段落的第一句，一般来说段首句作文中的段首句也就是位于段落之首的主题句，各段首句都从不同角度支持着全文的主题，相互之间存在着一定的逻辑关系，同时又对该段起统帅作用，由此可见段首句有两层含义：一是点明该段主题，

6、规定了文章的段落，二是限制每段的内容都要围绕着它扩展而不能偏离，因此段首句作文是测试考生能否通过对题目及段首句的分析，正确理解和把握段首句所包含的该段的中心论点和全文的主题思想，写出与段首句在意义上连贯、形式上统一、语气上一致的文章，段首句作文的写作步骤与技巧如下：1认真审题。仔细阅读指令，明确写作目的与要求。2篇章构思。认真分析各段首句所包含的信息，仔细斟酌、推敲各段首句之间的相互关系，以获取对整篇文章的印象，把握文章主题，展开整体构思。3拟订提纲。即使不动笔，也要在脑海中形成一个全文的大体思路。4开展续写。考虑续写的方法与模式，紧扣主题句写好发展句，使其能起到支持和说明段落中心的作用，使全

7、篇语义连贯，衔接自然。5检查修改。 下面是一道题为No Smoking的段首句作文题:No Smoking l . Smoking is harmful. 2. Smoking harms not only the smokers but also people around them . 3. Therefore 很显然，作文的第一段是要让考生论述吸烟的危害，可从科学的角度，结合自己的所见所闻谈谈其危害性。第二段可以认为是第一段内容的延续，连词not onlybut also起到承上启下、自然过渡的作用。第三段提示词Therefore道出了“因果关系”，表明这一段应写结论（conclusio

8、n）-“因为吸烟有害健康，所以我们应该”下面是一篇范文： No Smoking Smoking is harmful. This has already been proved by scientific researches. A great number of diseases are caused by smoking. Lung cancer is just one of these on the list. In addition, smoking is economically harmful. People spend a lot of money on it.Smoking n

9、ot only harms the smoker but also people around them. With smokers around them, non-smokers have to tolerate the dirty and stuffy air. Therefore, non-smokers are liable to become the victims of smoking and develop the same disease as the smokers do.Therefore, smoking is a bad habit. Everyone, especi

10、ally the young people should get rid of it. If all of us can strive to prevent smoking, our air would be cleaner and we can be healthier.(二) 提纲作文提纲作文是四级考试写作题最为常见的形式。它一般给定一个题目，然后给出英语或汉语的段落大纲。写这类作文的方法和步骤和写段首句作文基本一样，都是要审清题目要求，准确把握提纲所提供的信息，紧扣题目的中心思想，按照提纲提供的要点和思路去选择素材和词语。下面我们以95年6月的题目作详细说明。 Advantages of

11、 a Job Interview1. 现在找工作一般都要进行面试，面试者(interviewer)和应试者(interviewee)可以相互了解情况。2. 面试者可以向应试者介绍情况，如工作性质、条件、待遇等。3. 应试者也有机会给对方留下一个好的印象，如可以表现出自信心，可以介绍教育背景、工作能力等。从第一段提纲来看，这应是全文介绍部分，提示全文要写的内容，即面试的两方面的好处，提纲已把大概的内容讲明，只要稍加发展即可。第二、三段是第一段的延伸，分别论述面试对面试者和应试者的好处，主要内容提纲都已给出，再加上一两个发展句就行了。按照论述文写作的惯例和格式，最后还要加上一个总结性的结束段，对上

12、面内容进行总结，或是发表写作者的个人见解。下面就是一篇范文。Advantages of Job Interview Now， when a person is hunting for a job, there will always be a job interview. I think that the job interview has a lot of advantages. The interviewer and the interviewee can know about each other from it. On the one hand, the interviewer can

13、 tell something about the job to the interviewee such as the salary, the work conditions and something else that is relevant to the job. Then the interviewee can decide weather the job is really suitable for him. On the other hand, I think the job interview is a good chance for the interviewee to sh

14、ow his ability and knowledge by expressing himself to the interviewer. He can also show both his ability and self-confidence. Then the interviewer can figure out whether he is the right person for the job. In a word, I think the interview will do good to both the interviewer and the interviewee. By

15、an interview, the interviewer can find a suitable person if both of them make the best of the job interview.综观历年的大学英语四级统考写作试题，可以看出提纲作文的主要形式有以下几种：（一） 比较/对比。对某一问题的两种看法进行分析说明，然后给出自己的看法或体会，常用的写作手法有分析、列举、举例等。如下面两题：Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports (93.1)Directions: For this pat, you are allowed thi

16、rty minutes to write a composition on the topic Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 体育运动的好处。2. 体育运动可能带来的副作用。3. 我参加体育运动的体会。第一段要写体育运动的好处，可以用列举的方法，如体育可以增强体质（build up physical strengt

17、h）、培养团队精神（develop team spirit）等等。第二段是说体育运动的缺点，比如它可能使我们受伤、过度运动有害身体等。第三段要求作者写出自己的切身体会，一般会写其对自己好的影响，如可以广交朋友（make many friends）、获得乐趣(gain pleasure)等。Can Money Buy Happiness? (95.1)Directions: For this pat, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Can Money Buy Happiness? You sh

18、ould write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness）.2. 也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of all evils）.3. 我的看法。（二） 解释说明。这类题目要求写作者对某一种事物或现象进行解释、说明，分析其原因或解决的方法：Bicyclesan Important Means of Transport in China (91.1)Directions:

19、For this pat, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Bicyclesan Important Means of Transport in China. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 为什么自行车在中国这样普及。2. 和汽车的比较。3. 自行车在中国的前途。My Favorites TV

20、Program (93.6)Directions: For this pat, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My Favorites TV Program. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 我最喜欢的电视（或无线电）节目是.2. 这类节目的内容和特点。3. 我喜欢它的原因。（三） 图表作文所谓

21、图表式作文，顾名思义，就是利用表格或图画而写的作文。常见的图表式作文有曲线图，圆周图，标绘图等。图表式作文在历年的四级考试作文题里所占的比例较小，而且主要是表格类， 相对来说，图表式作文是比较难的题型。但只要掌握了图表式作文的要领，避免慌乱和恐惧，写图表式作文也能得心应手。 写图表式作文的准备过程，一般可以分为三个步骤： 第一，要理解图表的含义，把握图表所要传达的信息，这是写好图表式作文的前提； 第二，选择那些能充分说明图表主题的典型数据； 第三，根据自己的分析结果和文章的题目写出各段主题句 (有时，图表式作文也会给出主题句)。 图表式作文一般可以分成三段来写：第一段用能充分表现图表主题的典型

22、数据描述图表的总的内容；第二段对数据进行比较分析，找出产生变化的原因；第三段写自己对图表所表达内容的评论或看法，得出自己的结论。下面就是 一篇范文：Directions: For this pat, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition about Changes in Peoples Diet according to the following outline in three paragraphs. Your part of the composition should be no less than 100 word

23、s, not including the words given. Remember to write clearly. You should write this composition on the Composition Sheet.1. state the changes in peoples diet in the past five years2. give possible reasons for the changes3. draw your own conclusion 4. you should quote as few figures as possible YearFo

24、od19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%13%21%Fruit & vegetable 24%22%20%20%21%Total 100%100%100%100%100%Changes in Peoples Diet As shown in the above table, great changes took place in peoples diet from 1986 to 1990. On the whole, the consumption of grain decre

25、ased year by year, while that of some high energy food, such as milk and meat, increased consistently.In my opinion, there were two maim reasons for the changes in peoples diet. Firstly, people gave their attention to the quality of their diet. Secondly, people could afford to buy more expensive foo

26、d with better nutrition owing to the increase of their income.From the above, we can see that peoples living standard improved remarkably in the five years from 1986 to 1990. And we can also anticipate that they will live more and more comfortably and wealthily in the future.（四） 关键词作文 关键词作文是难度较大的一种作

27、文题型，给关键词的作文一般也给题目。所给的关键词是在文章中用来表达思想、陈述事实的核心词汇，一般是按段落给出，按一定逻辑顺序排列。这样关键词不但为写作提供了线索和思路而且也提供了语言素材，规定了文章内容。考生应先认真审题，对所给的调进行分析，找出内在联系然后去构思、选材。 关键词可分两类，一类是从作文内容出发给一些能点出主要内容或情节的关键词，另一类是从语篇结构或情节发展出发，给一组使文章得以展开的结构关键词，这两类关键词结合起来既能展示内容又能指导结构。写作步骤与技巧： 1研读指令、认真审题、弄清写作目的。 2判断所给关键词是否按文章顺序列出，按文章顺序列出的应以给出的词语为线索，构思文章的

28、内容，将词义串起来思考，看形成一种什么概念表达什么思想，从中琢磨出写作意图和要求。 3对不按文章顺序给出的关键词，要反复推敲逐一弄清词义，进而设想文章所涉及的范围和内容，确定中心思想，然后重新排列词语的顺序。4注意识别表示结构的关键词，弄清其确切含义，推导出文章整体的发展思路及段落之间的内在逻辑关系。5将关键词按一定的语法规则组织成句。下面我们来看一个例子：Directions: For this pat, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Television is Good to Peopl

29、e. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the following key words:well informed current eventslatest developments instructive programseducation special broadcasts TV university open university broaden ones horizons keep close contact withTelevision is Good to Peo

30、pleIn recent years, the argument over the advantages and disadvantages of television has become bitter. To my mind, television has done more good than harm to its viewers.In the first place, television keeps one well informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in scie

31、nce and politics and offers an endless series of instructive and entertaining program. Besides, television provides enormous possibilities for education. For example, TV provides special broadcasts for those in TV University or Open University. It also offers specialized subjects like language teaching, sewing, and so on. Finally, as TV has brought the most distant countries and the strangest customs into ones sitting room, people all round the world are no longer distant and isolated from each other.In a word, with television people will broaden their horizons and keep close contact w