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英语词性的分类及用法Word格式.docx

1、a. 加s,如: photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos;b. 加es,如:potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs;b. 去f, fe 加-ves,如:half-halvesknife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves;名词复数的不规则变化 1)child-children foot-fe

2、et tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women2)单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。4)

3、以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。news 是不可数名词。不同国家的人的单复数 名称总称(谓语用复数)一个人两个人中国人the Chinesea Chinesetwo Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亚人the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希腊人the Greeka Greektwo

4、 Greeks法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swede

5、s名词的格 在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下:1) 单数名词词尾加,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加,如the boys bag 男孩的书包,mens room 男厕所。2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加,如:the workers struggle工人的斗争。3) 凡不能加的名词,都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barbers

6、 理发店。5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有。 如:Johns and Marys room(两间)John and Marys room(一间)6) 复合名词或短语,s 加在最后一个词的词尾。a month or twos absence三、代词人称代词的用法:I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her作主补) a. - Who broke the vase?-谁打碎了花瓶? b. - Me.-我。(me作主语补

7、语= Its me.) 并列人称代词的排列顺序 1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称 第三人称 第一人称you he/she; it - I2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称 第二人称 第三人称weyou They 反身代词 1) Iyoushehemyselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimselfwetheyitoneourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself指示代词 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词, 疑问代词 指人: who, whom,

8、whose指物: what既可指人又可指物: which 代词比较辩异one, that和it one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)t find my hat. I don t know where I put it.( 同一物) 四、冠词不定冠词的用法 不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是一个的意思。定冠词的用

9、法 定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有那(这)个1)特指双方都明白的人或物:Take the medicine.把药吃了。2)上文提到过的人或事: He bought a house. Ive been to the house.3)指世上独一物二的事物:the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth 4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元;the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only, very, same等前面: W

10、here do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:the Peoples Republic of China中华人民共和国9)用在表示乐器的名词之前

11、:She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:the Greens格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)11) 用在惯用语中:in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrowthe day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country)in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end

12、,on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre 零冠词的用法 冠词与形容词+名词结构 1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。 He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。冠词位置 1) 不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:a. 位于下列形容词之后: such,what,many,half,such an animal; Many a manb. 当名词前的形容词被

13、副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.c. quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当rather,quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。quite a lot d. 在as,though 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后: Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠

14、词通常置于比较级形容词之后。2) 定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后,名词之前。All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。五、数词表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。数词的用法1)倍数表示法 a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + asI have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,leng

15、th) ofThe earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.2)分数表示法构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词

16、用复数:1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths六、形容词及其用法 形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:something nice 以-ly结尾的形容词 1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Ti

17、mes is published daily.用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) -出处-材料性质,类别-名词 a small round table;a tall gray building;a dirty old brown shirt;a famous German medical school典型例题:1) Tony is going camp

18、ing with _ boys.A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two答案:C。2)One day they crossed the _bridge behind the palace.A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old答案A. 3) - How was your recent visit to Qingdao?- It was great. W

19、e visited some friends,and spent the _days at the seaside.A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last答案:B。七、副词及其基本用法副词的排列顺序:时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enoug

20、h for everyone to eat. 兼有两种形式的副词 1) close与closelyclose意思是近 closely 意思是仔细地He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2)late 与lately late意思是晚 lately 意思是最近You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?3)deep与deeply deep意思是深,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,深深地He pushed the stick deep into the mud. E

21、ven father was deeply moved by the film.4)high与highly high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于muchThe plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.5)wide与widely wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是广泛地,在许多地方He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.6)free与freelyfree的意思是免费freely 的意思是无限制地You can eat free

22、in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like. 形容词与副词的比较级 1) 规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词未尾加-er,-esttall(高的) great(巨大的)tallergreatertallestgreatest以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-stnice(好的)large(大的)able(有能力的)nicerlargerablernicestlargestables

23、t以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-estbig(大的)hot (热的)biggerhotterbiggesthottest以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-esteasy(容易的)busy(忙的)easierbusiereasiest busiest少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-estclever(聪明的)narrow(窄的)cleverernarrowercleverestnarrowest其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级。important(重要的)easily(容易地)mo

24、re importantmore easilymost importantmost easily2) 不规则变化good(好的)well(健康的)betterbestbad (坏的)ill(有病的)worseworstold (老的)older/elderoldest/eldestmuch/many(多的)moremostlittle(少的)lessleastfar (远的)farther/furtherfarthest/furthest可修饰比较级的词a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great

25、deal, any, still, even等1)- Are you feeling _? - Yes,Im fine now.A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better答案:B. any 可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better. 2)The experiment was_ easier than we had expected.A. more B. much more C. much D. more muchC. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,

26、因此C为正确答案。3)If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school.A. the happiest time B. a more happier timeC. much happiest time D. a much happier time答案:D。和more有关的词组1) the more the more越就越The harder you work,the greater progress youll make.2) more B than A与其说A不如说BHe is more lazy than slow at h

27、is work.3) no more than 与一样,不比多The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less than与一样He is no less diligent than you.4) more than不只是,非常She is more than kind to us all.典型例题1)The weather in China is different from_.A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America D. 本题意为中国的天气比美国热。比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选D。2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory pr

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