英语自考本科英语语法名词解释Word文件下载.docx

1、6. participles Participles belong to non-finite verb type. There are two kinds of participles: -ing participle and ed participle.7. What is dangling participle? When the subject of a participle is not expressed, it is normally understood to be the subject of the main clause. We call this kind of par

2、ticiple dangling participle.8. What is “fronting”? “fronting” is a term which refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked post-subject position to the marked pre-subject position. As fronting moves into the initial position an item which does not usually belong there, such a grammatical devic

3、e disturbs the expected route of information flow and inevitable brings about unusualness, i.e. “this man over there people in the vicinity have a very low opinion of.”9. Define “ellipsis” The basic principle of ellipsis is leaving out something understood and hence produces imcomplete sentences wit

4、h such a structure as to presuppose a preceding item. Ellipsis, somehow like substitutions, sets up cohesion on the basis of structural recoverability with reference to the linguistic context. Here are three types of ellipsis:nominal: why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one.a.Verbal:A:

5、have you seen him before? B: yes, I have.b.clausal: A: will it rain tomorrow? perhaps.10. Determiners Determiners refer to words which are used in the premodification of a noun phrase and which typically precede any adjectives that premodify the head word.11. the major function of prepositions The m

6、ajor function of prepositions is to connect nouns, verbs andadjectives to other parts of the sentence, e.g. I get uo early in the morning.12. disjunct Disjuncts convey a comment on the content of the clause to which they are peripherally attached.13. adjuntAdjunt is a word or a group of words which

7、we add to a clause to say something the circumstances of an event or situation, for example, when, where or how it occurs.14. What is double relative clause? It is used to cover all the verb forms that express assumptions contrary to the given fact or not likely to be materialized, and becomes a far

8、 less important verbal category than was suggested.15. CoordinationCoordination is realized by coordinators which join units at the same level.16.SubordinationSubordination is realized by subordinators, involves the linking of units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy. A subordinator i

9、ntroduces a subordinate clause which is attached to the main clause.18. Double genitiveDouble genitive, also referred to as the “post genitive”, is also called because it is a combination of the genitive and the of-phrase, such as a friend of my brothers.21.noun classesNoun classes include proper no

10、uns and common nouns.Common nouns include countable nouns and mass nouns.Countable nouns include concrete nouns and abstract nouns.22. Proper nounsProper nouns denote individual persons, places,etc. a proper noun normally begins with a capical letter, has no plural form and cannot occur after an art

11、icle.23. Mass nounsNouns cannot take plural are called mass nouns.24. Collective nounCollective nouns refer to a group of people, animal and things, which are usually countable.25. Union nounIt is also called partitive, is a very special class of words that is used to specify the quantities measures

12、 and shapes of the modified noun such as: piece, batch, bunch, item, etc.26. Plural invariablesNouns are always occur in plural form.27. Plural compoundsThree tendencies are at work in the inflection of compounds for plural: pluralize the last element, pluralize the first element and plurize both fi

13、rst and the last elements.28. Singular invariablesSingular invariable are normally invariable singulars, proper nouns and mass nouns belong to singular invariables.29. Alternative questions: Those questions that suggest two （or more） alternatives and usually imply that one of them could be true.30.

14、How-exclamations: Exclamations that are led by the adverb how. It highlights the adjective, adverb, or verb in exclamations.31. Foreign plurals：They are words borrowed from some other languages which still take their original forms of plural，Most often，they are from-Latin，French，Greek：alumna-alumnae

15、，index-indices，plateau-plateaux，analysisanalyses，etc.32. Genitives Forms or construction used to denote possession, measurement or source.Example: Johns car; a moments digression; the resistance of Iraq33. Non-progressive verbs verbs that cannot occur in the progressive aspect.34. Tense Any one of t

16、he inflected forms in the conjugation of a verb that indicates the temporal location of an event or a state of affairs.35. AspectAspect reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time.36.Get-passive and be-passiveGet-passive is far less popular than be-passi

17、ve. The reasons are: first, get-passive is generally avoided in forma syle, and even in informal English it is far less frequent than be-passive. Second, semantically, get-passive is typically used to refer to an event, rather than a state; to denote the consequence rather that the rocess, of an eve

18、nt; and to lay emphasis on what happens（usu. Unfavorably） to the subject as a result of the event, rather than who actually causes the event.37. pseudo-passive:A pseudo-passive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectivalized so that it becomes a subject complem

19、ent. As an adjective, it can occur in a comparative construction, with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase, and with other link verbs besides be and get.38. Voice: A property of verbs or a set of verb inflections indicating the relation between the subject and the action expresse

20、d by the verb.39. Mood:A set of verb forms or inflections used to indicate the speakers attitude toward the factuality or likelihood of the action or condition expressed. In English the indicative mood is used to make factual statements, the subjunctive mood to indicate doubt or unlikelihood, and th

21、e imperative mood to express a command.40.be-passive：The passive made up of auxiliary be + v-ed. For example: The book was written by Hamilton.be-subjunctive:41. Allomorph An allomorph is an indistinctive variant of a morpheme.42.The be-subjunctiveIt is formally marked by the use of the base of the

22、verb; that is , the verb invariably occurs in the base form free from the concord constraints with the subject and from the tense agreement with other verbs. For example: It is important that the boss handle it in person. 43. Modal auxiliary: One of a set of English verbs, including can, may, must,

23、ought, shall, should, will, would and etc., that are characteristically used with other verbs to express mood or tense.44. The bare infinitive?The infinitive, which occurs as a verb in the base form without to is called bare infinitive.Preposition: In some languages, a word placed before a substanti

24、ve and indicating the relation of that substantive to a verb, an adjective, or another substantive, as English at, by, in, to, from, and with.45. Concord:It also termed agreement, can be defined as the relationship between two grammatical units such that one of tem displays a particular feature that

25、 accords with a displayed feature in the other.46. Statements: Statements in the form of simple sentences are the foundation stone of all the english sentences. Their primary function is to convey information, in a positive way or in a negative. There are two major types of statements on a polarity-

26、positive statement and negative statement.47. Assertion: An assertive sentence is either an interrogative sentence or a negative sentence. It is associated to assertive words.48. Non-assertion: A non-assertive sentence is either an interrogative sentence or a negative sentence. It is associated to n

27、on-assertive words and negative words.49. A negative statement A negative statement basically exoresses the speakers negative attitude toward his proposition. The negation of a statement can be accomplicated by inseting a variety of negative words, among which “not” is by far the most commonly used

28、either in writing or in speaking.50. Transferred negation Transferred negation refers ti the shift if nagation from the subordinate clause, where it semantically belongs to, the main clause. It normally occurs with such verbs as think, believe, suppose, imagine and expect, that is, verbs that express “opinion”.51. Semi-negatives Semi-negatives refer to words which are negative in meaning but