14年考研翻译英译汉试题Word下载.docx

1、新学派科学家们认为，在扩大科学知识范围的过程中，技术是一股被忽视了的力量。71）科学向前发展，新学派科学家们说，与其说是由于天才伟大人们的真知灼见，不如说是由于更为普通的事物，比方说改进了的技术和工具。72）一位新学派的领袖人物坚持说，简言之，所谓的科学革命主要是指一系列工具的改进、发明和使用；这一系列工具的改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及。73）工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。肯定技术的现代派认为，诸如伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯韦、爱因斯坦这样的著名科学家以及像爱迪生这样的发明家都十分重视各种不同的、可用于科学实验的工艺信息和技术装置并从中获益

2、匪浅。提倡肯定技术、否定天才的论点其核心是分析了伽利略在科学革命的初期所起的作用，当时人们对天体的认识源于2世纪天文学家托勒密。他认为，在复杂的天体系统中所有的天体都围绕着地球运动。74）伽利略的最伟大的成就在于，他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。但故事中真正的英雄，新学派科学家们认为，是改进制作眼镜的机器的漫长过程。联邦政府的政策不可避免地卷入了这场“技术”对“天才”之争。75）政府究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这常常取决于人们把哪一个看作驱动力量。1995年考研翻译英译汉试题The standa

3、rdized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. （71） The target is wrong, for in att

4、acking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or eve

5、n misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades research productive, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. （72） How well the predictions will be va

6、lidated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subjec

7、t to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kids of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kinds of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages a

8、nd shortcomings as other kinds of information. （73） Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.（74）In general, the tests work

9、most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential

10、has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. （75） For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 1995年考研翻译英译汉语参考译文（全文翻译）广泛

11、用来帮助选拔、分类、委派或者提拔学生、雇员和军事人员的标准化教育或心理测试最近在图书、杂志、日报、甚至国会中成了攻击的目标。71）把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这些测试的时候，批评家没有注意到错误是由于测试使用者对测试不甚了解或者使用不当所引起的。测试本身只是工具，其特点在具体条件下可以得到相当精确的测定。测试结果究竟是有价值、无意义或者甚至是有误导作用在部分程度上取决于工具本身，但在很大程度上取决于使用者。所有对未来表现有根据的预测都取决于对相关的过去表现的一些了解：学习成绩、研究能力、销售纪录或者任何合适的信息。72）这些测试将在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用

12、信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，还取决于解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何认真记分的人都知道，能获得的信息往往不全面，而且预测很容易出现错误。 应该根据这种情况看待标准化测试。对于一个人的学识、他所掌握的技能或者他是哪种类型的人，标准化测试提供快捷而客观的获取信息的办法。73）因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。74）一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。如果使用得当，测试提供一种快速获取有关许多人的可比性信息的方法，有时还

13、会鉴别出潜力大、过去却未被承认的学生，但测试无法做到的事情也很多。75）例如，这些测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公平现象；因此，也不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，他会有多大才干。1996年考研翻译英译汉试题The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. （71）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are re

14、asonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different

15、areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. （72）This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be fo

16、reseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. （73）This seems mostly effectiv

17、ely done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are s

18、traightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good ” as opposed to “bad” science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends t

19、o become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. （74）However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects. （75）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for tho

20、ught must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.1996年考研翻译英译汉语参考译文（全文翻译）科学研究各个领域相对发展各不相同有着多方面的原因。71）在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。然而，有些原因却是不同发展中不太合理的过程，在这些不同的发展中，关于科学理论应该采取何种形式的先入之见，据权威人士们认为，起着改变不同领域发展模式的作用。这是一个目前可能仍然无法避免的新问

21、题，但它是一种可怕的趋势。72）这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府这样的得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。然而可以预的是，时不时会出现一些问题，这些问题需要具体的、科学的回答。因此，把科研机构看作是一种资源或者一部保持良好运行状态的机器通常是有价值的。73）给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。这种支持与所有政府部门的支持一样需要决定合适的资金接受对象。以有无效果为依据做决定是简单的，而要在几个没有直接效果的项目中做决定就更加困难。资助机构的目标一般都无懈可击，因为它总是支持“好”的科学而不支持“坏”的科学，

22、但要做出有效的决定却是很困难的。一般来说，好科学的概念往往与该领域提出一套完美理论的能力相混淆。74）然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。75）同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。1997年考研翻译英译汉试题Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. （71）Actually, it isnt, because it as

23、sumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. （72）Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitl

24、ements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to som

25、e peoplefor instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “I dont like this contract”?The point is this: without agreement on the rights of peo

26、ple, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. （73）It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it. （74）Arguing from the view that humans are different from anim