1、5. Language is a system of a_rbitrary_ vocal symbols used for human communication. 6. S ocialinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s_yntax_. 8. Human capac
2、ity for language has a g enetic_ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 9. Performance _(语言能力)_ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applic
3、ations is generally known as a_pplied_ linguistics.11. Language is p_ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard be12. Linguistics is ge
4、nerally defined as the s cientific_ study of language.13. To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the s ocial function of language. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 1. The description of a language in a fixed i
5、nstant (时刻)is a _ study.A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. systematic2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _. A. sociolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics C. computational linguistics D. Applied Linguistics3. If a linguistic stu
6、dy describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic 4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 5. Modern linguistics regards the
7、 written language as _. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 6. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
8、C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the above 7. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _ approach to language study.A. synchronic B. diachronicC. prescriptive D. descriptive 8. A historical study of lan
9、guage is a _ study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 9. According to F. de Saussure, _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language 10. Language is said to be arbitrary b
10、ecause there is no logical connection between _ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas 11. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate (当前)situations of the speaker. This feature is called_, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission12.
11、The distinction between langue and parole was made by _ early last century. A. American linguist N. Chomsky B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure C. American linguist Edward Sapir D. British linguist J. R. Firth 13. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof
12、that human language is .A. arbitrary B. rational C. logical D. cultural2. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Chapter 2:Phonology27 Affricate_(破差音)_ refers to a strong puff of ai
13、r stream in the production of speech sounds. 28A_rticulatory_(发音)_ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. 29 The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_ilabial_ sounds. 30Of all the speech organs,
14、the t _ongue_ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 31English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_lace_ of articulation(发音部位). 32 When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the
15、speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly (可听见的)released and the air passing out again is called a s_top_. 33 S_uprasegmental_(超音段)_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone(音调), intonation(语调), etc. 34 The rules that govern th
16、e combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential (序列) _ rules. 35 The transcription (标音)of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription (宽式)while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics (变音符)is called narrow_ transcription. (严式
17、)36 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation_(语调)_. 37 P_honology_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect
18、linguistic communication. 38. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_lveolar(齿龈音)_ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal. 39 The articulatory apparatus(器官) of a human being are contained in three
19、important cavities: the pharyngeal (咽腔)cavity, the oral(口腔)_ cavity and the nasal cavity. 40 T_one(音调)_ are pitch (音调)variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration(震动) of the vocal cords (声带)and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes(音位). 41 Depending on the context in w
20、hich stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_entence_ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is called _ phonetics.A. acou
21、stic (声学)B. articulatory C. Auditory(听觉) D. allomorphic 2. The sound /f/ is _. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative(齿音,摩茶)3 Of all the speech organs, the _ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal co
22、rds 4The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal 5_ is a voiced alveolar(齿龈) stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/ 6The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the
23、 two phones _. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 7. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _. A. in phonemic contrast (音位对立) B. in complementary distribution (同一音位的不同变体)C. the allophones(音位变体)D.
24、minimal pair (对小对立体)9. A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle 10. Palatal (鄂音)semi-vowel refers to the sound .A. n B. h C. w D. j11. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called .A. min
25、imal pairs B. allomorphsC. phones D. allophones12. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D.
26、 semantic features 13. A(n) _ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme 14The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phon
27、eme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones 15. A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle16. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _, respectively.( C ) A. stops B. fricatives C. affricates D. plosives IV. Answer the following question:1. How are the English consonants classified?2. Explain with examples the sequential rule, and the assimilation rule in phonology.Chapter 3:Morphology
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