第八章介词Word文件下载.docx

1、 Which desk did you put the book on? 你把书放在那个桌子上了？ Who is she talking with? 她在和谁说话？ 注意：介词也可放在句首疑问词之前连同疑问词一起引起疑问句。With whom did you go to the cinema? 你和谁一起去看电影的？Since when have you lived here? 从什么时候你住在这里？（2）在定语从句中 在定语从句中，位于关系代词之前的介词，可以放在句尾，这种情况下关系代词可以省略；也可以放在关系代词前引导定语从句，介词不可放在that之前。The room I live in

2、 is quite damp.我住的房子很潮湿。（关系代词which/that省略）= The room in which I live is quite damp. （但不能用in that）He is the man whom you can turn to for help.He is the man to whom you can turn for help.他是你可以求助的人。（3）某些wh-词引导的名词性从句中，关系代词为介词宾语位于句首时，介词后置 Money is what he is badly in need of at present.目前，钱是他最需要的。 I dont

3、 know what he looks like.我不知道他长什么样？（4）动词不定式作状语，需要介词同句中的主语构成动宾关系时，介词后置 The room is comfortable to live in.这间房子住起来和舒服。 The lake is safe to swim in.在这个湖里游泳很安全。 The man is hard to deal with.这个人很难对付。（5）动词不定式作定语，需要介词同不定式所修饰的名词构成动宾关系时，介词后置 Its a nice restaurant to eat at.在这家饭馆吃饭真好。 In those days he even ha

4、d no money to buy food with.那时，他甚至连买饭的钱都没有。3、在某些“（不及物）动词+介词”结构中介词紧跟动词后面 The thief broke into the room.小偷闯入了哪个房间。 He had to look after his sister.他要照看他妹妹。三、介词短语在句中的作用1、介词的宾语（prepositional phrase） 介词后面的名词或相当于名词的词语叫做介词宾语，介词宾语不仅是名词和代词，还可以是其他词类或句子（1）名词 The word write has the same pronunciation as the wor

5、d right. “write”这个单词与“right”这个词发音一样。 I have lived in Beijing since 1996.自1996年以来我就居住在北京。 The mayor intended to get to the bottom of the matter.市长打算将此事寻根究底。（2）代词Give the book to him. 把这本书给他。Wherever he went, he carried the camera with him.不论他到哪里，他都带着相机。（3）形容词In short, I have done my best. 简而言之，我已经尽力了

6、。His pronunciation is far from perfect.他的发音远不是完美的。（4）副词Its far away from here.离这很远。Since then, he has developed another bad habit.自那以后,它养成了另一种坏习惯。（5）动词的-ing形式 Im looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.我盼望今年暑假见到你。I insist on your being there. 我坚持要你在那里。（6）不定式 He had no other choice but to

7、sleep. 除了睡觉他没有别的选择。ve done everything you wanted except make the bed.你要我干的是我全干了，只是没铺床。（7）介词短语 He lived from across the street.他从街对过住。 She pull him out from under the table.她从桌下把他拖出来。 He read till into the night.他一直读到深夜。（8）数词In nine out of ten he wont come.十之八九他不来。 The students are walking in the gar

8、den in twos or threes.学生三三两两的在公园里散步。 It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour.它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 He left on Monday and returned after three days.他星期一走的，三天后回来的。（9）疑问词+不定式That depends on which method to take.这取决于采用那种方法。I have informed her of when to start.出发的时间，我已通知他了。（10）wh-词引导的从句I know nothing about it

9、 except what I have read in the papers.除了在报上读到的以外,我对这件事一无所知。I have no interest in what he said.我对他的话不感兴趣。 He has done everything except what I asked him to do.他什么都做了，就是没做我让他做的。That depends on whether he has his persistence.那要取决于他是否能坚持到底。（11）that引导的从句that引导的从句，除了in that, except that, save that, but t

10、hat, notwithstanding that外，作其他介词宾语时，必须在介词和that之间架上先行词一般式it。His report is correct except that some details are omitted.除了有些细节未提到之外,他的报导是正确的。Man differs from other animals in that man can think and speak.任何其他动物的区别在于人能思维能讲话。比较：We may depend on that they will do as they have promised. （误）We may depend o

11、n it that they will do as they have promised.（正）我们可以相信他们按他们所许诺的那样去做。2、介词短语的功能（1）作主语From my home to the school is two hours walk.从我家到学校要走两个小时。On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference.故意的和无意的迥然不同。（2）作表语Mr. Smith is from America.史密斯先生是美国人。The stamp is of great value.这枚邮票很珍贵。He looks like his

12、 father.他像他爸爸。（3）作宾语Ill give you until tomorrow.我给你限期到明天。A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain.从帘子后面走出一位美女。She pulled him out from under the bed.她把他从床底下拉出来。（4）定语A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真知。The man with glasses on there is Mr. John.那边戴眼镜的男人是约翰。（5）状语Because of the warm and sunny

13、 weather oranges grow very well here.由于天气暖和，日光充足，这里的桔子生长良好。She sat in the shade under a tree. 她坐在树阴下。（6）补语We regard him as our friend.我们把他看作朋友。They found themselves in a dark wood.他们不觉走入一座黑暗的树林。四、介词的分类1、从构成上分（1） 单介词（simple preposition）in, at, from, on, since等，单一介词。（2） 复合介词（compound preposition）as fo

14、r至于, as to关于，至于onto到上面去，within在之内，nearby在附近等，由两个介词组成。（3） 二重介词（double preposition）from behind从的后面until after直到之后from among从当中，等由两个介词搭配而成，但没有符合借此那样固定。（4） 短语介词（phrase preposition）owing to 由于，instead of 代替，而不in spite of，不顾、尽管，in favor of赞成by means of依靠in front of 在之前，according to按照、依靠in addition to加之于上，

15、除外，等由短语构成。（5） 分词介词（participle preposition）。considering考虑到，regarding关于，including包括，等由动词的-ing形式转化而来。2、从词义上分（1）表示位置、地点、地方、距离等的介词。aboard, about, across, after, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beside, between, beyond, by, down, for ,from, in, inside, near, of, off, out of, through, under, up, w

16、ith, without, within等。（2）表示钟点、日期、时间、时期等的介词。about, after, around, as, at, before, behind, between, by, during, for, from, in, into, of, over, past, since, through, throughout, till, until, towards, within等。（3）表示状态、形势、情况、境遇、形式、形状的介词。about, above, after, against, as, at, before, behind, below, beside,

17、between, by, for, from, in, of, outside等。（4）表示方向、倾向、方法、途径、目的、对象等的介词。after, against, along, at, for, in, over, out of, to, up, with等。（6） 表示原因、理由、条件、影响、结果的介词。after, at, behind, between, by, for, from, into, of, through, to, towards, with, without等。（7） 表示方式、方法、手段、工具的介词。after, against, among, at, betwee

18、n, by, for, in, on, over, through, to, under, with等（8） 表示程度、水平、标准、等级、次序、选择、比较的介词。above, after, against, at, before, behind, below, beside, beyond, in, from等（9） 表示数量、量度、单位、价值、比率的介词。above, around, at, below, by, for, over, to, under等。（10） 表示归属、所有、含有等的介词。between, of, to, under, with等。（11） 表示规律、法则、合约、命令

19、、习惯的介词。against, by, within等。（12） 表示根源、出处等的介词。among, from, in, of, out of等。（13） 表示分离、区分、排除、让步的介词。after, besides, between, beyond, but, except, from, off, outside等。（14） 表示转化、变化、代替的介词。for, from, into, of, to等。（15） 表示相互之间关系的介词。about, after, between, by, considering, for, in, of, on, regarding, to, with等

20、。（16） 表示手段的介词。by, for, to, with等。五、使用介词注意的几点1、介词可兼作副词和连词介词“支配”着宾语，所以它总是与名词、名词短语、代词或动名词有关；而副词不“支配”宾语，因此它与动词的关系较为密切。（1）可以兼作副词的介词这样的词后面有宾语时，起介词作用。词后没有宾语时，它们则起副词的作用（甚至暗含有宾语时亦如此）。副词与介词不同，它在讲话中重读。最常见的可兼作副词的介词有：about, above, across, after, along, around, before, behind, below, beyond, by, down, in, inside,

21、 near, off, on, opposite, outside, over, past, round, through, under, up等。We drove round the city.我们开车在城里四处转。We drove round.我们开车兜风。A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.一个青年男子和一个青年女子坐在我的后面。A young man and a young woman were sitting behind.一个青年男子和一个青年女子坐在后面。（2）只能作介词的词against, beside, e

22、xcept, for, from, into, of, onto, to, per, till, until, towards, upon等，它们需要带宾语。We sailed against the wind. 我们逆风行船。She walked towards the door. 她向门口走去。（3）用作副词而不作介词的词away, back, backward（s）, downward（s）, forward（s）, upward（s）以及out。As she walked away, I followed her out of the fair.我跟着她走出了集市。He put his

23、 tongue out. 他伸出舌头。（4）用作连词的介词有after, as, before, since, till, until等。He has been here since 2001 .自从2001年他就来到了这里。（since为介词）We havent seen each other since he left here.自从他离开这里，我们再未见面。（since为连词）ve done everything you wanted except（but） make the beds.除了铺床外，你让我做的事我都做了。2、英语中的许多介词，往往要译成汉语中的动词英语中的许多介词在汉语中

24、意思几乎相同，也就是说，汉语中的一个词或短语在英语中往往有多种表达。英语的表达更侧重事物内在的关系。汉语中“在上”，在英语中可为on, in, above，across, over等。He came back for his book.他回来取他的书。There is a hole in the wall.墙上有一个洞。They are building a bridge across the river.他们正在河上建一座桥。3、表示动态或静态的介词（1）一个介词可根据句中不同的动词而表动态（如pass，under）或表静态（如sit under）。有些介词既能与“动作动词”连用（如brin

25、g, fly, drive, go, come, move, rush, push, run, walk），又能与“位置动词”连用（如be, live ,keep, meet, stay, stop, work）。We live between two high buildings.我们住在两座高楼之间。He runs between his home and his company.他奔波于家与公司之间。（2）有些介词，如into,onto,out of, to等，一般都与“动作动词”连用。A cat rushed into my bedroom last night.昨天晚上一只猫窜到了我

26、的卧室。I drove out of the car park.我把车开出停车场。（3）有些介词，at, in, on等，一般与“位置动词”连用。I waited in the hotel.我在旅馆等你。（4）那些表“有目的的动作”的动词，如lay, place, sit, stand等，不能与into, onto一类介词连用。He laid the box on the desk.他将盒子放在桌子上。六、常用介词的用法1、aboard（1）在（船舶、飞机、火车、公共汽车等）上（2）上（船舶、飞机、火车、公共汽车等）I have never been aboard an airplane.我从

27、来没坐过飞机。The passengers went aboard the ship.乘客们上了船。2、about（1）在周围；在附近They planted trees about the house.他们植树于房屋四周。There is a tall tree about the house.房子旁边有一棵大树。（2）在各处Such posters are put up about the city.城市到处都贴了这种海报。（3）在身边；手头Have you got some money about you? 你身上有钱吗？注意：about用作“在周围、在四周”时，可以与round或aro

28、und互相换用。（4）大约It is about eight oclock.大约八点了。The apple is about the size of ones fist.那苹果差不多和拳头一样大。The price is about 100 Yuan.价格约为一百元。（5）从事于What are you about? 你在干什么？He is going about his work.他正在工作。（6）即将She is about to be married.她就要结婚了。（7）关于I have heard a lot about you from my friends.我从朋友里听到很多有关你的事。What are you talking about? 你在说些什么？3、above（1）在上方A beautiful lamp hangs above the table.桌子上方挂着一盏漂亮的灯。The kite is far up above the tree.风筝高高飘在树上方。above可以表示在正上方，也可以表示不是正上方，与它对应的是below。over表示正上方，与它对应的是under。（2）超过The meeting lasted above three hours会议开了三个多小时。Above all, we love truth.我们爱真