书法理论基础知识.docx

1、书法理论基础知识书法理论基础知识书法理论基础知识中国书法是一种独特艺术。它不仅是中华民族文化遗产中的瑰宝，也是世界艺 术殿堂中的一朵奇葩。中国的书法艺术不仅历史悠久，源远流长，而且影响深远。 打从汉字一产生，便出现了书法艺术的萌芽。经过漫长的历史演进和发展，直至秦 代，统一了文字，创制了秦篆 ( 小篆) 、秦隶。这一具有划时代意义的光辉业绩，在 中国书法艺术史上写下了灿烂的一页，为书法作为一门独立的艺术而存在，奠定了 坚实的基础，也为后世汉隶、楷书、草书、行书的变革、发展和繁荣，开辟了广阔 的道路。与中国书法艺术的发展、繁荣相适应，我国古代的书法理论也逐步发展、兴盛 起来。相对而言，古代书法理

2、论的出现比书法艺术的形成要晚一些。据目前所能见 到的资料，古代书论著作最早出现于汉代。西汉大学者、文学家扬雄在他的法言 问神中，提出了一个著名的论断 : “书，心画也。”这里的“书”虽不是专指书 法，但它最早论述了有关中国书法理论的根本命题书法同书法家思想感情之间 的关系和书法艺术表情达性的特质等问题，对后世的书法创作和书法理论产生了深 远影响，成为中国书论史的源头。中国古代书法理论的发展、兴盛与繁荣，大致可以分为以下几个时期。 汉代是我国古代书法理论的初创期。随着书法艺术的成熟和兴盛，专门研究书 法的理论著作便应运而生。最早论述书法的一篇文章是东汉 of leadership, along

3、with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serialnumber a 1 GB3323-2005 steel

4、 fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 tec

5、hnical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT

6、 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 st

7、eel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installat

8、ion engineering construction standard 7, HG . Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot 书法家崔瑗的草书势。崔氏在文中认为，草书的出现正是由繁到简的社会 需要的反映，并描述、赞扬了书法的形态美和动态美。对书法的艺术审美功能和价 值作了充分肯定。继此之后又

9、出现了几篇重要的书论著作，如赵壹的非草书、蔡邕的篆势、笔赋、笔论、九势等。尤其是大书家蔡邕的 笔论和九势，在中国书论史上占有重要地位。,卫魏晋南北朝是我国古代书法理论的成熟期。这一时期，书法艺术非常兴盛，出 现了一大批书法名家。书法艺术的发展也带动了书法理论的研究。西晋时，出现了 一批以自然界中千姿百态的物象、动态来描绘、比喻各种书体形态美的理论著作， 如成公绥的隶书体、卫恒的四体书势、索靖的草书状、刘劭的飞白 势、杨泉的草书赋等，表现出一种“尚象”的审美趋向。东晋时，书家已不 满足于对书法外在形态的描述，而开始探求用笔、结体和章法技巧的规律，并注意 研究人的主观意志与书法的关系。如世传卫夫人

10、的笔阵图、王羲之的题 夫人笔阵图 , 后、书论、笔势论、用笔赋、记白云先生书诀 等，都是这方面的重要书论。至南北朝时，受时风的影响，开始重视对各个书家的 评论。这方面有影响的著作有羊欣的采古来能书人名、虞和的论书表、瘐 肩吾的书品等。尤其是王僧虏的书赋、论书、笔意赞等书论，着 意探求书法创作的过程和特征，对后世书法艺术的发展影响深远。隋唐是我国古代书法理论的兴盛期。隋代虽立朝时间很短，但其书法上承南北 朝碑刻，下启唐楷诸家，为唐代楷书法式的建立奠定了基础。 of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near m

11、iss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering

12、-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium a

13、nd its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products

14、 mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB5023

15、1-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG . P

16、ressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot 其书论也重在探讨楷书的笔法与结体，智永的永字八法和智果的心成 颂是这方面的代表。随着唐代书法艺术的达到鼎盛，书法大家、名家辈出，流派 纷呈，书法理论也兴盛起来，大批成系统、有分量的书论著述陆续问世，对细部技 法的探讨和对书法创作规律的剖析逐渐代替了对书法艺术总

17、体印象的阐述，涉及了 书法艺术的各方面，体现了唐代“尚法”的风气。欧阳询的三十六法、孙过庭 的书谱、张怀域还的书议、书信、书断、文宇论、六体书 论, 论用笔十法，窦泉的述书赋，徐浩的论书队颜真卿的述张长史 笔法十二意、张彦远编的法书要录等都是这一时期书论的代表作。尤其是欧 阳询的三十六法、孙过庭的书谱、颜真卿的述张长史笔法十二意，在 中国书法理论史上占有重要地位。宋代是古代书法理论的变革期。由于各种原因，宋代的书法无法与唐代相比 肩，却能另辟蹊径，一时帖学盛行。而且在书法理论上也有所革新和发展。宋人论 书主张书法创作不应受法度的束缚，不必斤斤计较于点画、布置等具体方法，而应 重视作品中的风神意

18、韵及书家的内在精神与气质，自由地抒发其胸臆，力求创新。 它是宋代“尚意”书风的反映。朱长文的续书断、苏轼的论书、东坡题 跋、黄庭坚的论书、米莆的书史、海岳名言、姜夔的续书谱 等，都是这一时期书论的代表著作。续书谱尤为系统精到，为历代书家所推 祟，影响巨大。元明两代的书法艺术也没有多大发展，帖学仍然盛行，尚未走出书法创作的低 谷。在书论方面，由承继晋唐之法，对宋人“尚意”书风进 of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of re

19、sponsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB1

20、1345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel wel

21、ding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded pla

22、te II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation

23、engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG . Pressure gauges, using an installed spark

24、arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot 行否定，进而重视书法艺术的形态美，标举魏晋风格。元代书论主要是讲究法 度，代表论著有郑构撰、刘有定注的衍极和陈绎曾的翰林要诀。明代书论 则强调崇尚古雅，倡导骨力与研美兼善。陶宗仪的书史会要、丰坊的书 诀、项穆的书法雅言等则是其代表论著。清代是古代书法理论继往开来的一个时期。从清中期开始便逐渐形成了帖学与 碑学明显分流的格局，而且帖学逐渐由盛

25、转衰，碑学则日渐兴盛。故书法理论前期 重视对笔墨技巧的阐发，代表著作有笪重光的书筏和朱履贞的书学捷要。 后期则主要是对碑学理论的探讨，阮元的南北书派论、北碑南帖论、包世 臣的艺舟双揖和康有为的广艺舟双揖是这方面的代表著作，并形成了一股 抑帖尊碑、重北轻南的风气。刘熙载的艺概 ?书概对南北书风的特色分别作了 概括，强调他们各有所长，则显得比较公允、客观。不仅如此，书概还对中国 古代书法艺术的历史、书体演变的历史和书法艺术的技巧、风格等问题进行了全 面、系统而精要的理论总结。这些论著在中国古代书论史上占有重要地位。它们对 清代碑学的理论和实践进行了全面、系统的总结，促进了清代书法艺术的发展和繁 荣

26、。并对近现代书法的发展，产生了深远的影响。中国古代书法理论发展的大致轮廓如前所述，我们不难从中发现以下几个突出 特点:首先，重视对审美风尚的总结与引导。一般说来，一个社会必然有一个社会的 风尚，这种社会风尚也必然要影响社会文化的各个方面 ; 而 of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident

27、penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and tes

28、ting results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of weldin

29、g procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1GB150-98 2 GB

30、50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-

31、98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG . Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylind

32、ers, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot 社会文化各方面对这一风尚的欢迎或抵制，又必然会直接影响到这一社会风尚 的兴盛与消亡。同样，各个时代对书法艺术的审美风尚也不一样。如何引导这种审 美风尚，使之成为这一时代审美的主导风尚，就成为各个时代书论家们所关注和探 讨的问题。如汉魏时书论中的“尚象”、晋时书论中的“尚韵”、唐时书论中的 “尚法”、宋时书论中的“尚意”等等，无一不是对各个时代书法艺术实践中审美 风尚的总结，而通过总结反过来又指导书法创作的实践，促进书法艺术的发展与繁 荣。其次，对书法艺术的研究全面而系统。只要我们粗略翻阅一下中国古代书法理 论著作，你就会看到 : 我国古代对书法艺术的研究和总结是全方位的，涉及到书法 艺术的各个方面，而且自成体系。如果将它与中国古代画论相比较，就更能显示出 这一特点。比如对书法发展史的研究，自从南朝宋羊欣的采古来能书人名开其 端，以后各个朝代几乎都有这样的一批著作。它们论列了从上古至清末书法发展的 历史，保存了中国书法发展历史的完整面貌。又如对书体演变历史的研究，论及了 大篆、小篆、八分、楷书、行书、章草、今草等书体的