教师考编复习资料英语.docx

1、教师考编复习资料英语第一篇 词法六、 介 词(一) 知识概要介词在英语中用法很活，也无一定规律可循。在初中范围内还应学一个记住一个，特别是那些和动词的特殊搭配。这样长期下去不断学习自然会总结出一套自己的规律来。下面是一般的规律，可帮助学习时参考，千万不要作为定律去背诵，照搬。 介词 表示时间 表示地点方位 表示原因方式 其 他about 大约在时间 about five oclock 在周围，大约多远 about five kilometres 关于、涉及 talk about youabove 高出某一平面 above sea levelacross 横过 walk across the s

2、treet对面 across the streetafter 在之后 after supper跟后面 one after another追赶run after youagainst 背靠逆风 against the wall, against the wind反对 be against youamong 三者以上的中间 among the treesat 在某时刻 at ten在小地点 at the school gate表示速度 at high speed向着，对着 at mebefore 在之前 before lunch位于之前 sit before mebehind 位于之后 behin

3、d the treebelow 低于水平 below zero不合格 below the standardby 到时刻，在时刻之前 by five oclock紧挨着 site by site乘坐交通工具 by air, by bick 被由 was made by usduring 在期间during the holidaysfor 延续多长时间 for five years向去 leave for Shanghai 为了，对于be good for youfrom 从某时到某时 from morning till night 来自何方 from New York由某原料制成be made

4、from来自何处 where are you fromin 在年、月、周较长时间内 in a week 在里面 in the room用某种语言 in English 穿着in redinto 进入里面 walk into除 分 divide into变动 turn into waternear 接近某时 near five years 在附近 near the parkof 用某种原料制成 be made of属于性质 a map of U. S .Aon 某日、某日的上下午on Sunday afternoon 在上面 on the desk 靠吃为生live on rice 关于 a b

5、ook on Physicsover 渡过一整段时间 work over night 在上方over the desk超过， 高于 over five pairspast 超过某一时刻 ten past five经过某地 walk past the parksince 从某时以来 since 1980原因 Since you were illthrough 经过某一时期 through his life 通过、穿过某地 through the foresttill until 直到某时为止 till five oclockto 差多少时间 five to ten问，到，去往 to Shangh

6、ai面对面 face to face给予give a book to meunder 在下面 under the desk少于under ten在管制之 下 under the rulewith 用某种工具 with a pen 带着，具有with mewithout 没有 without air(二) 正误辨析误 We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak.正 We got to the top of the mountain at day break.析 at用于具体时刻之前，如：sunrise, midday, noon, sunset,

7、midnight, night。误 Dont sleep at daytime 正 Dont sleep in daytime.析 in 要用于较长的一段时间之内，如：in the morning / afternoon, 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。误 We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.正 We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.析 in the morning, in the aft

8、ernoon 如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为on, 如：on a cold morning, on the morning of July 14th误 He became a writter at his twenties 正 He became a writter in his twenties 析 这句话应译为：他在20多岁时就成了作家。在某人的一段生活时间段中要用介词in来表示，而在具体岁数时用at来表示。误 He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old.正 He went to New York to

9、 find a job at sixteen.析 在具体年岁前用at, 如：at the age of 12， at your age， 等等。误 We went to swim in the river in a very hot day.正 We went to swim in the river on a very hot day.析 具体某一天要用介词on, 又如：on New Years Day误 Im looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.正 Im looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas

10、.析 在节日的当天用on，而全部节日期间用at,Christmas是圣诞节期间，一般要有两周或更长的时间。误 I havent see you during the summer holidays.正 I havent seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays.析 during表示在某一段时间之内，所以一般不与完成时搭配，如：I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而for表示一段时间，可以用于完成时，如：I havent see you for a long time. 而th

11、rough 用来表示时间时则为整整，全部的时间。如：It rained through the night.而since则是表达主句动作的起始时间，一般要与完成时连用。误 At entering the classroom, I heard the good news.正 On entering the classroom, I heard the good news.析 On 加动名词表示一就。本句的译文应是：我一进入教室就听见这个好消息了。又如：on hearing 一听见， on arrival 一到达就(on表示动作的名词)误 In the beginning of the book,

12、 there are some interesting stories.正 At the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.析 at the begining与at the end都是指某事物的开始与结束部分，均不指时间范围，而in the beginning 则是指开始一段时间。in the end=at last是指最终，终于之意。误 Till the end of next week. I will have finished this work.正 By the end of next week. I w

13、ill have finished this work.析 by 引起的时间状语表示了动作的截止点，其意思为不迟于某一时刻将工作做完，所以主句一般是完成时态。当然可以有将来时态，如：Ill be there by five oclock.而till则表达其一动作一直持续到某一时刻，但句中的动词一定要用持续性动词，而瞬间的截止性动词应用其否定句式，如：I wont finish this work till(until) next weekend.误 He came to London before last weekend.正 He had come to London before last

14、 weekend.正 He came to London two weeks ago.析 before 一般要与完成时连用，而ago则与一般过去时连用。误 I have studied English for three years gince I had come here.正 I have studied English for three years since I came here.析 since用来表达主句动作的开始时间，所以其引出的从句中应为过去时，而不能用完成时态误 I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after t

15、wo hours.正 I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours.析 中文经常讲两小时之后来取，两天内会修好，而这个介词在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，after 多用于过去时，如：I arrived in New York. After three days, I found a job in the bank. after 加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围，如：after three days, 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时，一定要用介词in。误 Three day

16、s after he died.正 After three days he died.正 Three days later he died.析 after 与 later都可以用来表达一段时间之后，但它们所处的位置不同，after 在时间词前，而later在时间词后。误 She hid herself after the tree.正 She hid herself behind the tree.析 after多用来表达某动作之后，所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词，如：I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a f

17、ilm. 而behind则多用于静态事物之后。误 There is a beautiful bird on the tree.正 There is a beautiful bird in the tree.析 树上长出的果实，树叶要用on, 而其他外来的人、物体均要用in the tree.误 Shanghai is on the east of China.正 Shanghai is in the east of China.析 在表达地理位置时有3个介词：in, on, to。 in表示在某范围之内; on表示与某地区接壤;to则表示不相接。如：Japan is to the east o

18、f China.误 I arrived at New York on July 2nd.正 I arrived in New York on July 2nd.析 at用来表达较小的地方，而in用来表达较大的地方。at常用于at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, at a small village。误 He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road.正 He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road.析 在门牌号码前要用at, 并要注意它的惯用法：at t

19、he end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the top of the page。误 There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall.正 There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.析 在屋内的角落应用in，而墙的外角用at，如：There is a tree at the corner of the street.误 This weekend Ill stay in Uncle Wangs.正 This weeken

20、d Ill stay at Uncle Wangs.析 要注意英文的特殊表达法，如：at a tailors shop (裁缝店)=at a tailors, at the doctors (去看病) at the booksellers (在书店) at uncle Wangs (在王叔叔家)误 Do you know there is some good news on todays newspaper?正 Do you know there is some good news in todays newspaper?析 在报纸上的新闻要用in, 而在具体某一版上，或某一页上则要用on。误

21、 The school will begin on September 1st.正 School will begin on September 1st.析 这里的school应看作不可数名词泛指学校的课程，即开学之意。要注意，有些活动场所当表达正在从事该种活动时不要加冠词，如：at table (吃饭)， When I came to Toms home, they were at table. 还有： at desk (学习)，at work (工作) at school (上学)， in hospital (住医院) at church 作礼拜如加上定冠词则另有他意，如：at the s

22、chool 即在学校工作或办事，in the hospital 即在医院工作或去看望病人。误 In my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.正 On my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.析 译文为：在去车站的路上我买了份报纸，为的是消磨时光在的路上应用on ones way。而 in the way 有挡道之意，如：Please move the chair it is in the way。误 Look, the door is open,

23、Maybe someone broke into.正 Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke in.正 Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into the office.析 in是表达一个静止状态，在与break连用时其后不加介词宾语，而into则是动态介词，与break连用时要加介词宾语。误 Ill leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.正 Ill leave Beijing for Shanghai.正 Ill leave for Shanghai.析 le

24、ave for 是离开某地去某处的固定搭配，不可将for改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有：start for 动身前往某处，set out for， sail for。误 Im sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop.正 Im sorry. I have to get out of the bus at next stop.析 get in, 与 get out是两个相反的词组。get in 为上车，而get out为下车，但语法家认为这里的in与out为副词，所以其后不能接名词，我们可以讲Wed better get in. 或Wed bett

25、er get out. 还有一组词组有关上下车：get on/off(a train, a ship, a struck) get into/out of (a car, taxi)误 Be careful The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero.正 Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero.析 over 与 above 在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换。但在垂直方向上的高矮时，即正上方时则要用above.而泛指上方时用o

26、ver.误 There is an old stone bridge above the river.正 There is an old stone bridge over the river.析 over还有一意为跨越，横跨。误 The Dead Sea is under the sea level.正 The Dead Sea is below the sea level.析 在垂直下方要用below.也就是讲above与below互为反意词，over与under也是反意词。误 There is a big tree in the front of the house.正 There is

27、 a big tree in front of the house.析 in front of 是在物体外部的前面，而in the front of 是在物体内部的前面，如：The driver sits in the front of the bus.误 It took them two days to walk across the forest.正 It took them two days to walk through the forest.析 across 作为介词有两个主要意思： 横过，如：I want to walk across the street. 对面，如：There

28、is a post office across the street,而through 多用于三维空间中的穿越。across则多用于平面上的横过。如：The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother.误 The sun sets toward the west.正 The sun sets in the west.析 towards也可用作toward，它主要表达朝向某方向运动，但不一定到达，如：He ran toward(s) the mountain.而在表示方位east, west, north, south 时，其前面要用in

29、。要注意的是这4个词可以用作副词，如：I went south. 也可用作名词，如：I went to the south.也可用作形容词，如：I went to the south part of China.误 Do you have no other clothes except those?正 Do you have no other clothes besides those?析 beside 是在旁边，如：The students stood beside their teachers.而besides是除之外，不仅而且，除了以外还有， 如：I studied English besides French, when I was in college. 而except 则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分，如：I come here every day except Sunday. 而except