专业四级考试语法虚拟语气.docx

1、专业四级考试语法虚拟语气Subjunctive Mood1. 语气Mood语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对一事物和人的态度和看法。包括陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气三种。陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。Therearetwosidestoeveryquestion.每个问题都有两个方面。 Wereyoubusyalldayyesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？ Howgoodateachersheis!她是多好的一位老师啊！ 祈使语气祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。1 Neverbelateagain!再也不要迟到了。 2 Don

2、tforgettoturnoffthelight.别忘了关灯。虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。IfIwereabird,Icouldflyintheair.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 IwishIcouldpasstheexamination.我希望我能通过考试。 Mayyousucceed!祝您成功！虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达未能成为事实或者不可能成为事实的情况，或者在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况。此外还可用来表示命令、建议、设想、祝愿（或诅咒）等等，以及表达说话人的主观愿望。时间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式将来动词过去式

3、(be用were)should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形would / should / might / could + 动词原形现在动词过去式(be 用 were)would / should / might / could + 动词原形过去had +动词过去分词would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词情态动词+ have donecould have done 本来可以- - -might have done 本来可能 - - -should / ought to have done 本来应该做 - - -shouldnt /

4、 ought not to have done 本不该做 - - 你本不应该告诉她真相。You shouldnt have told her the truth .neednt have done 本不必做 - - - 比较：didnt need to do 没必要做也没有做 - - - 我没必要擦窗户。我兄弟做了 I didnt need to clean the windows . My brother did it.would have done 本来会去做- (1)与现在事实相反If the earth had no gravity, the moon would fly to the

5、 sun.如果地球没有引力，月球就会飞向太阳。If I were/was you I would reconsider their proposal.我要是你，我就会重新考虑他们的建议。If it werent/wasnt raining, we wouldnt stay indoor.要是现在不下雨，我们就不会呆在屋里。If the manager were/was here, he might make a decision.要是经理在这儿，他也许会作出决定。(2)与过去事实相反If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the

6、train.我要是早点动身就赶上火车了。If she hadnt taken your advice, she would have made a bad mistake.她要不是听了你的劝告，就要犯大错误了。She would have come if she hadnt been so busy.要不是太忙，她就来了。(3)与将来事实相反，或将来不太可能发生，或说话人主观上不希望发生If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.要是我来作这件事，我会用另一种做法。If the rocket should fall in a few

7、 seconds, it would certainly explode.如果火箭几秒钟内竟然向下坠落，那就一定会爆炸。If he should fail, we would encourage him to try again.万一他失败，我们就鼓励他再试一试。(4)错综时间非真实条件句 错综时间非真实条件句是指条件句与主句动作发生的时间不一致。因此，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式，其形式依据时间的不同仍然遵循表1给出的规则。例如：If we had set out earlier, we wouldnt be walking in the rain.如果我们

8、早点动身，现在就不会在雨中走了。（从句发生在过去，主句发生在现在。）If you were in better health, we would have allowed you to join them in the work.如果你身体好些，我们就让你和他们一道做这工作了。（从句发生在现在，主句发生在将来。）If we hadnt got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.如果我们到现在还未准备好，明天就会有很多麻烦。（从句发生在过去，主句发生在将来。）(5)省略if的非真实条件句如果

9、非真实条件句中的谓语包括had, should, were三个词，连接词if可以省略。这时had, should, were要移到主语前面，形成倒装。这种句型主要见于书面形式。例如：Had he not been ill, he might have come.要不是他生病了，他是会来的。Should she come here, we would discuss this matter with her.要是他来这儿的话，我们就和她讨论这件事。Were I to do it, I would do it in a different way.要是我来做这件事，我会用另一种不同的方法。Were

10、 you not here, none of us would come.如果你们不在这儿，我们没人会来。(6)用介词短语表示假设条件有时可以用介词短语做假设条件，以取代非真实条件句中的if从句。例如：Without air, there would be no wind or clouds.如果没有空气，就不会有风或云。I would have succeeded with you help.如果有你的帮助，我本会成功。In that case we could have done the work better.如果是那样的话，我们本可能把工作做得更好些的。But for the stor

11、m we would have been in time.要不是暴风雨，我们原本会准时（到达）的。3. 一些程序化了的必须或可能使用虚拟语气的情况在英语中，有些动词、短语、句型中，必须或可能要使用虚拟语气，下面逐一说明：（1）wish, if only, would rather, would sooner 后的虚拟语气wish, if only, would rather, would sooner是指人们无法实现或很难实现的主观愿望表2. 从句中谓语动词的形式用 法动词形式表示当时未实现的愿望一般过去式表示过去未实现的愿望过去完成式表示将来不可能实现或实现可能性很小的愿望过去将来式注意1.

12、表2中谓语动词的形式与非真实条件句（见表1）的条件状语从句中的谓语动词形式基本相同。注意2.在过去式中，如果词语动词是be，则一切人称均可用were。但单数第一、三人称也可用was。wish后的从句 wish表示过去或现在未实现的主观愿望，以及将来实现不了或很难实现的愿望，可以翻译成中文：“希望”、“真希望”、“要是就好了”I wish I knew his address.真希望我知道他的地址。（愿望与现在的事实相反）I wish I were as young as you.我要是像你一样年轻该多好。（愿望与现在的事实相反）She wish she knew how to drive th

13、e car.她希望她知道怎样开这辆车。（愿望与现在的事实相反）We wish he hadnt gone.我们真希望他没有走。（愿望与过去的事实相反）We wish we could live on the moon for a few days in the future.真希望我们将来能在月球上住几天。（将来的愿望在说话人看来很难实现）注意1. 如果wish是过去式(wished)，后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气形式不变，在译为中文时，可以加上“当时”、“那里”。例如：I wish I were young. 我真希望我还年轻。（愿望与现在的事实相反）wish改为过去式后，其后的从句不变：I

14、wished I were young. （当时）我真希望我还年轻。（愿望与当时的事实相反）注意2. 在动词hope后要用陈述语气。if only后的从句 if only表示“但愿”、“要是就好了”、“（我）真希望”。意义与用法和I wish基本相同。但更具有感情色彩。If only I had more time to think about it.但愿我有更多的时间考虑它。If only he would not eat so much sugar.要是他不吃那么多糖就好了。If only he had taken my advice years ago.要是几年前他听了我的劝告就好了。w

15、ould rather, would sooner后的从句 would rather, would sooner的意思都是“宁愿”，其后的从句表示过去或现在没发生的愿望，或者是在说话人看来将来不太可能实现的愿望。I would rather/sooner he had gone there too.我宁愿他也去那里。（过去没有实现的愿望）I would rather/sooner the football match would take place tomorrow.我宁愿足球赛明天举行。（说话人看来将来不太可能实现的愿望。）（2）as if (as though)as if 或 as th

16、ough 引导的方式状语从句有时要用虚拟语气。表3. 方式状语从句中谓语动词的形式用 法动词形式表示与现在事实相反一般过去式表示与过去事实相反过去完成式表示与将来事实相反，或将来成为事实的可能性不大过去将来式注意1.表3中谓语动词的形式与非真实条件句（见表1）的条件状语从句中的谓语动词形式基本相同。注意2.在过去式中，如果词语动词是be，则一切人称均可用were。但单数第一、三人称也可用was。例如：He talk as if he knew all about.他谈起来好像全知道似的。（与现在事实相反，实际上他并不知道）looked as if she were made of ice.她看

17、起来似乎是冰做的。（现现在事实相反，她并不是用冰做的）I feel as if we had known each other for years.我感到好像我们已经相识多年似的。（与过去事实相反，我们没有相识多年）It seemed as if the meeting would never end.看起来会议不会结束了。（与将来事实相反，实际上会议还是会结束的）注意！as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句即可以使用虚拟语气，也可以使用陈述语气。但表态的意义有所区别，例如：He walk as if he is drunk.他走起路来好像喝醉了。（陈述语气，有可能真的喝醉了）H

18、e walk as if her were drunk.他走起路来好像喝醉了似的。（虚拟语气，在说话人看来，他并没有喝醉）（3）it is (high, about) timeit is (high, about) time后的that从句谓语动词用一般过去时，表示“已到了该干的时候了”，含有“已经有些晚了”的意思。其中that可以省略。短语中的high与about用于加强和缓和语气。It is high time that we were off.是我们该走的时候了。Its (about) time you were in bed.你(差不多)该上床睡觉了。（4）but for和but th

19、at在带有but for和but that的句型中，一般要使用虚拟语气，but for和but that都译为“要不是”、“如果没有”，其中but for是介词，后接名词；but that是连词，后接从句。注意：but for +名词与but that +从句都可以看作用于代替非真实条件句中的条件从句，所以本句型的虚拟语气形式与非真实条件句中的主句相同（见表1中的主句一栏）。but forbut for是短语介词，译为“要不是”、“如果没有”。相当于用介词代替非真实条件句中的if条件从句，见2.（6）例如：But for the storm we would have been in time

20、. （if it had not been for the storm）要不是暴风雨，我们原本会准时（到达）的。We would have been in real trouble but for your help. （if it hadnt been for you help）如果没有你的帮助，我们原本会陷入严重的困难之中。but that but that是连词，译为“要不是”、“如果没有”。作用相当于非真实条件句中的if条件从句。注意：与非真实条件句不同，but that条件从句要用陈述语气，只有主句要用虚拟语气。例如：But that you helped him, he would

21、 have failed. （if you hadnt helped him）如果没有你帮助他，他原本会失败的。从上面例句可以看出，虽然动作发生在过去，but that从句中的谓语动词help用的是陈述语气（一般过去时而非虚拟语气的过去完成时）。（5）在lest, for fear that, in case, so that引导的从句中 在lest, for fear that, in case, so that 引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词一般用虚拟语气，从句的谓语动词一般用：should/could/might + 动词原形He reminded her twice of it les

22、t she should forget.他提醒了她两次，怕她忘记。He took his umbrella with him lest it should rain.他带上了雨伞，担心会下雨。I will not make a noise for fear (that) I should/might disturb you.我不会作声，以免打扰你。Take some money with you in case you should need it.带上点钱，以防急需。（6）事实陈述句 + or/otherwise/or else +虚拟句 与现在事实相反，主句谓语动词用should/coul

23、d/might + v. 原形与过去事实相反，主句谓语动词用should/could/might +have doneEg. I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the parade.（7）在公式化的句子中： 在一些公式化的句子中，要用虚拟语气，这时谓语动词不随人称、时态和数发生变化，谓语的形式为动词原形或may + 动词原形(常倒装)。God save the Queen!上帝保佑女王！God bless you！上帝保佑你！Long live peace！和平万岁Heaven forbid that I sho

24、uld let my own parents suffer.让自己的父母受苦，天理不容。May you enjoy a ripe old age！愿君长寿！(倒装)4.在其它从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、命令、要求、想法以及表示“重要性”、“紧迫性”、“惊奇”等含义的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气。下面我们逐个说明。（1）在It is/was + 形容词的主语从句中 在某些表示“建议、重要性、紧迫性、惊奇”含意的形容词在“It is/was + 形容词”结构中，主语从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，其中动词的形式为：（should+）动词原形 (美国英语不用sh

25、ould)，例如：It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once.有必要马上派他到那里去。It is/was important that everyone (should) have a map.每个人都有一个地图很重要。It was arranged that they leave the following week.根据安排，他们下星期动身。适用上述结构的形容词有：advisable, anxious, appropriate, arranged, better, compulsory, crucial, decided,

26、demanded, desirable, desired, eager, essential, fitting, imperative, important, impossible, improper, natural, necessary, obligatory, ordered, preferable, proper, proposed, recommended, requested, suggested, urgent, vital, willing等等。此外还有amazing, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable等，也适用于上述结构，但即使

27、在美国英语中，should也不省略。Its ridiculous that he should behave like that.他那样做真可笑。（2）在宾语从句中在某些表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”含意的动词后面的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，从句动词的形式为：（should+）动词原形 (美国英语不用should)，例如：Bill suggested that everyone (should) have a map.比尔建议每个人都应该有一个地图。They requested that he (should) sign a song.他们要求他唱支歌。She insisted

28、that the seats (should) be booked in advance.她坚持要预定座位。适用上述结构的动词有Advise, agree, decide, decree, demand, determine, grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, resolve, stipulate, urge, vote等等。（2）在名词性从句中 在某些表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”含意的名词，与该名词相关的名词性从句如：主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中，从句的谓语动词要使

29、用虚拟语气，从句动词的形式为：（should+）动词原形 (美国英语不用should)，例如：It was bills suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.每个人都有一个地图是比尔的建议。（主语从句）His suggestion was that everyone (should) have a map.他的建议是每个人都有一个地图。（表语从句）We were going to discuss his suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.我们将讨论他的每个人都应该有一个地图的建议。（同位

30、语从句）适用上述结构的名词有Advice, agreement, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, instruction, motion, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, resolution, stipulation, suggestion等等。二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气1. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： shoul

31、d + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。(2) 在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。如：He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。