简单句难点分析.docx

1、简单句难点分析简单句难点分析只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫简单句。根据句子的结构,简单句可分为5种:主语+不及物动词;主语+系动词+表语;主语+及物动词+宾语;主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语;主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语。此外,还有there be句型。根据句子的功能,简单句可分为4类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。下面分析这4种类型的句子。1、陈述句:用来陈述一件事或表示一种看法。1)肯定式:He enjoys watching TV.2)否定式:如果句子的谓语动词是be、have或有助动词和情态动词时,在它们之后加not构成否定式。例如:He is no

2、t a student. He has not any books. He will not go there.注意:not与and连用时表示部分否定。例如:He cannot read and write.=He can read but he cannot write. He is not rich and kind.=He is rich but he is not kind.如果句子的谓语动词是行为动词而又没有助动词或情态动词,在谓语动词前加dont(第三人称用doesnt,过去式用didnt)。例如:I dont want to buy a bike. He doesnt like

3、this.其他否定词如no,hardly,never等也可构成陈述句的否定式。例如:He has no brothers or sisters. I will never ride a horse. He can hardly write an English word.两者的全否定用neither或nor。例如:Neither of them knows French.Neither John nor Mary is here.两者的部分否定用both+not。例如:Both of them didnt attend the meeting.(或Not both of them attend

4、ed the meeting.)三者以上的全部否定用none,nothing,nobody,no one等。例如:None of these answers is/are right. Nobody agrees with what you said.三者以上的部分否定用某些表示总体意义的词(如all,many,every等)加not构成。例如:Not many people like music. Not every girl likes singing and dancing. All these books are not mine. All that glitters is not g

5、old.(闪光的不一定都是金子。)在某些句子中,按语意本应放在that从句中的否定词not被移至主句的谓语动词中,这种否定结构主要用于表示相信、臆测等动词(如believe,expect,imagine,suppose,think等)。例如:I dont think it will be very cold today.We dont believe that he can do it.2、疑问句:用以提出问题。按结构可分为4种。1)一般疑问句:用Yes,No来回答的疑问句。谓语是be或have(表示有时),则将be或have放在主语前面。如:Is she a teacher. Have yo

6、u any English books.也可说:Do you have any English books.谓语动词是行为动词,则将助动词do(does,did)或情态动词置于主语前面。例如:Do you have a meeting every week. Can I help you.一般疑问句的否定式通常把be,have或情态动词和not的简略式nt一起放在句首。例如:Isnt she a doctor. 回答时,如果是肯定则说:Yes,she is.否定则说:No,she isnt.在一般疑问句中,如果提问人对答案没有肯定或否定的意向,即答案可以是yes,也可以是no,句中常用非肯定词

7、。例如:Is there anything wrong with your pen.但是,如果提问人对于答案带有肯定意向,即预期得到肯定的回答,则在该用非肯定词的地方用肯定词。例如:Is there something wrong with your pen.Did someone phone last night.因此,在招待客人或向人表示乐意提供帮助时,通常在一般疑问句中用肯定词。(见不定代词some与any的用法)2)特殊疑问句:用疑问代词或疑问副词提问的句子,不用Yes或No回答。疑问词作主语或主语的定语时,与陈述句的语序相同。例如:Who is in the room. Whose

8、father works in Beijing.疑问词作句子的宾语、状语、表语或修饰这三种成分的时候,用疑问词+一般疑问句。例如:Where do you come from. When will you have the meeting.注意:who是主格,whom是宾格。一般可用who代替whom。但如果前面有介词,仍然要用whom。例如:Who(Whom) are you looking for. With whom did you work yesterday.Why+一般疑问句否定式。这种结构一般表示劝告、建议、责备等。例如:Why dont you come earlier.双重疑

9、问句的结构和用法。双重疑问句按结构和内容可分两种:一般疑问句型双重问句和特殊疑问句型双重问句。a.一般疑问句型双重问句。这种双重疑问句的主句结构属一般疑问句,主句的谓语动词常是表示询问(ask)、告诉(tell)、知道(know)、意识到(realize)、确信(make sure)等动词,宾语是由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句充当的。例如:Could you tell us where they have gone.Did you have any idea why she was late. Do you know what Jack lost yesterday.对此类问句的回答用Yes或No

10、。-Did you make sure who came to help us.-Yes,we did.如果想使宾语从句的疑问点更清楚地得到答复,或者听话人希望更具体地弄清句中的问题,那么,可在Yes或No后用陈述句或与之相应的省略结构。例如:-Could you tell me where the bus stop is.-Yes,I could.Go along the road,and youll find the bus station at the end of it.-Would you tell me when I should return the novel.-Yes,I s

11、hould.Next Monday.b.特殊疑问句型双重问句。这种双重问句常用来征询对某一问题的看法、认识、推测、判断、希望等,因而,它的谓语动词常是think,believe,hope,suppose,guess,say等。这种双重问句的主句属于特殊疑问句型,宾语也是由宾语从句充当的,但它没有引导词,前面主句的特殊疑问词在逻辑上应是宾语从句的一部分,是用来修饰宾语从句的。例如:Why do you think he is upset. -Who do you guess let out the dog. -Tom.这种双重问句的答语不能用Yes或No,而只能用与疑问词相应的答语。-Whom

12、do you believe hell go for a walk with. -Hell go with Mary.c.两种双重问句的区别。从对两种双重问句的分析可以看出,它们的区别存在于形式与内容上:形式上的区别一目了然,内容上的区别则是最重要的、最本质的区别。例如:A: -Do you know what he is.-Yes,I do.B: -What do you think he is.-I think he is a teacher./A teacher.可以看出,A句属一般疑问句双重问句,用Yes或No回答;但特殊疑问句型双重问句,不用Yes或No作答语,而需用一个与疑问词相对

13、应的答语,这个答语要么是个句子,要么是省略了句子其它成份的短语或词。下面的例句就是一个典型的错句:Do you think what we talked about just now.根据句子结构,上述问句只能用Yes或No来回答,但think后特殊问句的答复即我们谈论什么没有给出,所以逻辑上是完全错误的。然而,这两种双重问句有一个相同点,那就是:由于主句均采用了疑问语序,后面的宾语从句也均用相同的语序-陈述语序。从以上分析中可以看出,判断区别两种双重问句的关键在于把握句子的逻辑意思,看句子的谓语动词是不是表示看法、认识、判断等的词。例如believe,think,guess等。若是,就须用特

14、殊疑问句型双重问句;若句子谓语动词是表示知道(know)、告诉(tell)等,用一般疑问句型双重问句。3)反意疑问句:反意疑问句分以下两类:第一类前部分陈述如果用肯定形式,后部分则用否定形式;如果前部分用否定形式,后部分用肯定形式。前部分的谓语是be,have,had better或情态动词,反意疑问句部分仍用这些词。例如:You had better go now,hadnt you. She can speak English,cant she.前部分的谓语是行为动词,反意疑问句部分用do或did的肯定或否定式。例如:He doesnt like sport,does he. You ha

15、d breakfast at six this morning,didnt you.前部分的谓语是there be,反意疑问句部分也用there be形式。例如:-There is a radio on the table,isnt there. -Yes,there is.前句的谓语动词为have(has)to/had to时,其疑问部分的谓语动词通常用do的适当形式。例如:We have to get up at four tomorrow,dont we. They had to leave early,didnt they.前句的谓语动词为used to时,其疑问部分的谓语动词可采取两

16、种形式。例如: He used to live in London,use(d)nt he/didnt he. There used to be a cinema here before the war,use(d)nt there/didnt there.前句的谓语动词是ought to,则疑问部分的谓语动词通常用ought/oughtnt。例如:Such things ought not to be allowed,ought they. He ought to be punished,oughtnt he.但在正式文体中,用ought we not形式。例如:We ought to go

17、,ought we not.或We ought to go,should we not/shouldnt we.当陈述部分有dare或need时,若dare和need为实义动词,疑问部分的谓语用do的适当形式;若dare和need为情态动词,疑问部分用dare或need构成。例如:He needs to help,doesnt he.You darent go there,dare you.含有情态动词must的句子表示推测,作想必解时,疑问部分要根据must后面的不定式结构的时态来确定,不可用mustnt。若前句强调对现在情况的推测,疑问部分用arent(isnt)+主语。例如:You mu

18、st be tired,arent you.注意:若陈述部分的must表示有必要时,附加疑问句部分则用neednt。例如:You must go home right now,neednt you.当mustnt表示禁止时,附加疑问部分一般用must。例如:You mustnt walk on the grass,must you.前句谓语动词是must have+过去分词时,若前句强调对过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间状语),疑问部分的谓语动词用didnt+主语;若前句强调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语动词用havent(hasnt)+主语。例如:He must have met her yest

19、erday,didnt he. You must have seen the film,havent you.当陈述部分有一些否定或半否定词时,如hardly,scarcely,rarely,seldom,few,little,never,no,nobody,nothing,nowhere等,尾句应用肯定形式反问。例如:He could hardly believe his eyes,could he.但如果陈述句中含有带否定前(后)缀的词,虽然其表达的意思是否定的,但从语法结构上讲,陈述部分仍是肯定结构,因此尾句仍用否定形式进行反问。例如:She dislikes her work,does

20、nt she. He is careless,isnt he.当陈述部分为祈使句肯定式时,尾句可用wont you或will you,would you,can you,could you或cant you等进行反问,一般说wont you主要用于邀请,will you,would you,can you,could you或cant you表示请求或主要用来告诉对方该做什么事情。例如:Have a cup of tea,wont you. Open the window,would you. Shut up,cant you.但在否定的祈使句中,尾句只能用will you。例如:Dont f

21、orget to bring the umbrella,will you. 11）在英语口语中,陈述部分若以I am开头,尾句应是arent I或am I not。例如:Im late,arent I.(am I not）陈述部分的主语为指示代词this,that;不定代词nothing,everything,something,anything以及不定式、动名词或从句时,简略问句的主语为it。例如:Nothing has been done about it,has it. Seeing is believing,isnt it.Where the meeting will be held

22、is not known yet,is it. 12）陈述部分的主语为不定代词no one,nobody,everybody,somebody,anybody等时,简略问句的主语用they或he。例如:No one was hurt in the accident,were they(was he).Anyone can do it,cant they(cant he).13）訛陈述部分用neither.nor,not only.but also等连接主语时,尾句的主语应为复数。例如:Neither you nor I can do it,can we.14）有时候陈述部分的主语是I,当疑问部

23、分用来征求对方的意见时,其主语常用you,这时附加的疑问句实际上等于另外一个句子,相当于What/how about you.What do you think.。例如:I find English very interesting,dont you.(=What about you.) I dont think John will come today,do you.(=What do you think.)15）陈述部分是感叹句时,尾句一律用否定式,并用be的一般现在时。例如:What a clever boy he is,isnt he. How hard he studies,does

24、nt he.16）陈述部分是并列句时,尾句常对后一个句子进行反问。例如:He is a teacher and he has taught English for fifteen years,hasnt he.17）陈述部分是复合句时,尾句常对主句进行反问。例如:She didnt live in Hangzhou when she was young,did she. He said that Mary had joined the League,didnt he.但在宾语从句中,如果主句的谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,imagine等,且主语为第一人称,疑问部分的主

25、语和时态要与宾语从句保持一致,注意否定转移。例如:I dont think(that)you are an actor,are you. I suppose you have been to Beijing,havent you.但:You dont think he can finish the work,do you.18）陈述部分的谓语动词是表示愿望的wish等时,疑问部分的谓语动词用may,而且前后两个部分均用肯定式。例如:I wish to go home now.May I.第二类就是陈述部分用肯定,后一部分的提问也用肯定形式。其使用有三种情况。祈使句的反意疑问句一般用肯定式,表示

26、客气。例如:Have a cup of tea,will you. Lets go there,shall we.有时用这种结构表示讥讽、感叹等。例如:So thats your little trick,is it.表示怀疑,请对方加以证实。例如:Your bike is outside,is it.4)选择疑问句:选择疑问句是用or连接询问的两部分,以供选择,答案必须是完整的句子或其省略式,不能用Yes或No。例如:Do you go to work by bus or by bike.I go to work by bike.(By bike.)3、祈使句:用以表示命令、请求或建议,主语

27、通常省略。根据说话对象可分为以下两种:说话对象是第二人称。一般省略主语。肯定式谓语用动词原形;否定式用Dont(Never)+动词原形。例如:Get up!Dont be afraid.说话对象是第一人称和第三人称时,用Let+宾语+动词原形;否定式用Let+宾语+not+动词原形,也可用Dont let+宾语+动词原形的形式。例如:Let us go. Lets not go fishing.注意:Let us不包括对方,Lets包括对方。试比较:Let us go now,will you.(=Please allow us to go now.)Lets go now,shall we.

28、注意以下这两句的区别:Use your head and you will find a way.Using his head,he found a way.4、感叹句:用以表示快乐、痛苦等强烈感情。感叹句有用how或what开头的两种形式。1)how开头的感叹句:How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语。例如:How beautiful the flower is! How fluently he speaks English!how修饰动词,句型是How+主语+谓语。例如:How the wind blows!How+形容词(副词)(省略主语和谓语)。例如:How interesting(it is)!2)用what引导感叹句:What(a)+名词! What fun!(多么有趣啊!)What(a)+(形容词)名词+主语+谓语。例如:What a beautiful picture it is!What terrible weather weve been having these days!