初中动词时态讲解大全付全国时态真题1.docx

1、初中动词时态讲解大全付全国时态真题1徐航航第六讲动词（一）动词的时态1、动词的分类：类 别意 义例 句实义动词含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。They eat a lot of potatoes. 他们常吃土豆。Im reading an English book now.我现在正看一本英文书。连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。His father is a teacher.他父亲是教师。Twins usually look the same.双胞胎通常看起来一样。The teach

2、er became very angry. 老师变得很生气。助动词本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。He doesnt speak English. 他不说英语。We are playing basketball. 我们在打篮球。Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟吗？情态动词本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。You can keep the books f

3、or two weeks.这些书你可以借两个星期。May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟吗？We must go now. 我们现在得走了。重要注解：(1) 关于实义动词： 英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类：后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词；本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。有些动词通常用作及物动词。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：study, sing等。

4、 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如：know, wash等。 有些动词常和介词 、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如：listen,reply,wait,look.(2) 关于连系动词：1 连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。2 常见的连系动词有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。3 有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化：look(看看起来)、feel(感觉、摸感到)、 smell(闻、嗅闻起来)、taste(

5、尝尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动变得)、grow(生长变得)、get(得到、到达变得)、go(去变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。注释 become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法区别：become表示“变成”,比较正式,通常不用将来时表示动作已经完成。get也表示动作已经完成,但是更加口语化,通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。go表示“变得”,常见于某些短语中,后面常有形容词bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成为、当”,多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“变得”,常指逐渐的变化,表示身高、岁数的增长。turn表示“变得”,指变为与原先

6、不同的情况,通常指颜色等变化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill./ He has got rich./ He will be a scientist in the future./ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year./ The sandwich has gone bad./ Her face turned red after her mother criticized(批评) her.(3) 关于助动词：常见的助动词有：用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is

7、, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成时的have(has,had,having) ;用于将来时的shall (should) ; will (would)和用于一般时的do(does,did) . 助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如：shall, will, should, would.2、动词词形变化一览表：(1)规则动词变化表：规 则变 化原形动词结尾情况现在时单三人称现 在 分 词过去式和过去分词一般情况+s+ing+eds,x,ch,sh,o结尾+es+ing+ed辅音字母

8、+y结尾yi,+es+ingyi,+ed重读闭音节一元一辅结尾+s双写辅音字母,+ing双写辅音字母,+ed不发音的e结尾+s去掉e,+ing+die结尾+siey,+ing+d不规则变化havehas；beis(无) (见不规则动词变化表)注意：在加ing或ed时动词如果以“r”结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“r”应双写。s/es的读音规则：在清辅音后读s；在浊辅音后和元音后读z；在 s 、 F、z、tF、dV后读iz.ed的读音规则：在清辅音后读t；在浊辅音后和元音后读d；在t、d后读id.(2)不规则动词变化3、be动词的各种时态变化一 般 现 在 时一 般 将 来 时现 在 完 成 时I

9、am.You are.He/She/It is.We/You/They are.(I等各人称) will be.I am He/She/It is going to be We/You/They are I have been.You have been.She/he/It has been.We/You/They have been.一 般 过 去 时过 去 将 来 时过 去 完 成 时I was.You were.He/She/It was.We/You/They were.(I等各人称) would be.I was He/She/It was going to be We/You/Th

10、ey were I had been.You had been.She/he/It had been.We/You/They had been.注意：句型变化时,否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为nt (am后面not不可以缩写)；疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化现在 时态一 般 现 在 时现 在 进 行 时一 般 将 来 时现 在 完 成 时谓语动词构

11、成动词用原形(单三加s / es)(问句和否定句借用助词do / does)amis +动词-ingarewill + 动词原形amis +going to+动词原形arehave +过去分词has过去 时态一 般 过 去 时过 去 进 行 时过 去 将 来 时过 去 完 成 时谓语动词构成动词用过去式(问句和否定句借用助词did)was +动词-ingwerewould + 动词原形was+going to+动词原形werehad +过去分词5、八种时态的具体用法：(1) 一般现在时 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语：often,u

12、sually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year. / They often discuss business in the evening.(他们经常在晚上商谈生意)表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如：The earth turns round the sun./ Light travels faster than sound. 表

13、示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning. 在时间状语从句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引导)和条件状语从句中(以if,unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany. / If it rains tomorrow,we will hav

14、e to stay at home. 一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go为主。如：Here comes the bus. / There goes the bell. 一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it. 人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(认为),understand, remember, forget

15、, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow. / I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(2) 一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning. / Little Tom broke the wi

16、ndow at half past nine this morning./ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有：last, in, fromto, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always

17、, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(3) 一般将来时 表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。一般将来时的时间状语有：tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),o

18、ne day,now,soon, someday,sometime, in the future, when引导的从句等。用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称,“will” 用于所有人称。如：I will graduate from this school soon./ You will stay alone after I leave.“am/is/are going to+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判断即将要发生的事情,而“am/is/are to +动词原形”表示安排或计划中的动作。如：A man told them that

19、the woman was to give birth to the special baby. / Its going to rain soon.表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用will表达。如：I will go to the lab to get some chemicals(化学药剂). So please wait until I return.现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态)shall和will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday

20、?/ Will you please open the door for me? “be to +动词原形”表示按照计划将要发生的事情。如：An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.(4)现在进行时 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。 现在进行时由“助动词be (am is are ) +现在分词”构成。 现在进行时的时间状语有： now, this , these等,但经常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?/ I am wr

21、iting a long novel these days. 表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：Im coming now. / What are you doing tomorrow? / He is leaving soon. 表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(5)过去

22、进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。 过去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。 过去进行时的时间状语有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的时间状语从句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday./ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her. 用于

23、宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如：She was it happen when she was walking past. / They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest. 也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(6)现在完成时 现在完成时表示一个发生

24、在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。在完成时由“助动词have (has)+动词的过去分词”构成。表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. / He has just gone to England.表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时,时间状语有：for (two years),s

25、ince 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引导的状语从句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years./ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.口语中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.have been to与have gone to的区别：have gone to(“已经去了”)表示人不在这里,have been t

26、o(“去过”)表示人在这里。如：-Where is Mr Li? He has gone to the UK. / -Do you know something about Beijing? Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. 在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。具体变化见下表：瞬间性动词的完成时延续性动词或状态动词的完成时have(already)gone tohavebeen in / at for (two years)hascome tohasbeen heresi

27、nce (1990)(had)left(had)been away fromarrivedbeen indiedbeen deadbegunbeen onendedbeen overbought.hadborrowedkeptjoinedbeen in 或者使用下面这个句型：It is / has been + (多久)+ since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+过去时间状语 注意 在其它的时态中也存在类似问题,记住,关键是：瞬间动词不能和表达一段时间的状语连用。如：How long may I keep the book? (句子中keep取代了borrow)(7) 过去完成时 过去完成

28、时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之, 过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。过去完成时由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成。过去完成时时间状语有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last)或者由when,before等引出状语从句。有时句子中会有already, just, once, ever, never等词语,也会有for 或since构成的时间状语。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came./ The w

29、oman had left before he realized she was a cheat.过去完成时常用于宾语从句中、after引导的从句中,或者从句是before引导的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness. / He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(8) 过去将来时 过去将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“助动词should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形”构成。在美国英语中,过去

30、将来时的助动词一律用“would +动词原形”。过去将来时常由于宾语从句中,时间状语有：later, soon, the next (day).在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时,而应该使用一般过去时。如：He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project. / Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.表示纯粹的将来时用would或should,表示打算或主观认为的事情用was/were going to (+动词原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next month. / She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.过去将来时还可以表示一个过去经常性的动作。如：When it rained in the day, he would bring an umb