自考国际商务英语复习资料.docx

1、自考国际商务英语复习资料lesson 1 International Business1.International business国际贸易Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.2.Visible trade有形贸易The form of commodity trade. i.e.

2、 exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.3.Invisible trade无形贸易The form of service trade. i.e. transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. 4. Franchise特许An arrangement by which an monopoly producer

3、or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area. Franchising特许经营A special form of licensing. A firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, bra

4、nd names, logo, and operating techniques for royalty.5. Licensor 给予许可的人A person or a company granting a licence Licensing许可经营/国际许可A firm lease the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such as trademarks, brand names, patents, copyright or technology.6. Non-tariff barr

5、ier非关税壁垒All forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Portfolio证券The entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling.8. Turnkey contract交钥匙工程One in

6、which one of the parties agree to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc. 9. Contract manufacturing承包生产A firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain.11. Major differences between international business and domestic

7、business.Ans: Differences in (1) legal system (2) currencies (3) cultural background: language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc. (4) natural and economic conditions12. Major types of international businessAns: (1) trade : A. commodity trade B. service trade(2) Investment :(differe

8、nce) A. foreign direct investment (FDI外国直接投资） (is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.) B. portfolio investment 证券投资 (refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.)(3) other types: A. licensing & franchi

9、sing (in comparison with the relation between the licenser and licensee, franchiser has more control over and provide more support for the franchisee.) B. management contract &contract manufacturing C. turnkey project & BOT(making profit from operating the project for a period )13. Why do firms choo

10、se licensing as a means of entering a foreign market?Ans: (1) do not have to make cash payments to start business ;(2) receive income in the form of royalty;(3) benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management.14. Under what condition is mana

11、gement contract most applicable?Ans: When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation. A foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets.Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market1.

12、 PPP购买力平价-purchasing power parity Purchasing power购买力 of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2.Recipient接受者 a person or an organization etc. that receives something.3. Infrastructure基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio co

13、mmunications, etc. Needed to support economic activity, esp.industry, trade and commerce.4. GNP-refer to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the resident of an economy.（国民生产总值） (focuses on ownership of the factors of production) GDP-refer to the market

14、value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.（国内生产总值） (concentrates on the place where production take place) 5. Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into 3 categories: (1) high-income countries (per capita income of $9,386 and above): A. OECD (th

15、e Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) B. Rich oil producing countries of the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia &Arab Emirates) C. Small-industrialized countries or regions (Israel, Singapore, HK and Taiwan) (2) middle-income countries (per capita income bellow $9,386 but above $76

16、5 ) A. 6 OECD members ( Czech, Greece, Hungary, Mexico and Turkey ) B. -a. Some Latin American countries -b. Some Asia countries (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand) -c. Some South African and oil-producing countries (Libya, Nigeria, Algeria) (3) low-income countries (per capit

17、a incomes of only $765 or even less) Include: most African countries, some Asia countries and a few Latin American countries.6. High-income countries often have :(1)good infrastructure (2)high purchasing power (3)advanced technology(4)efficient management (5)favorable environment for trade and inves

18、tment A. Offer prime markets for expensive consumer goods B. Are both attractive sources and destinations of investment7. Low-income countries should not be neglected in international business activities:(1) lower-priced staple goods (2) cheap labor(3) are often rich in resources (4)market is someth

19、ing to be developed8. In what way, GDP&per capita income significant in assessing（评估）the potential of a particular market:(1)GDP is important in market assessment for durable equipment耐用设备or bulk goods大宗货物, such as grain谷物, steel, or cement水泥. (indicates the overall size of an economy）(2)Per capita

20、income is important when marketing consumer durables.(reveals the average income level of consumers)9. China with a per capita income of over $1,100 is a middle-income countries though is was a low income countries just a few years ago.10. The best policy for China to develop business opportunities

21、is wherever advantageous while keeping in mind the key markets.11. Triad -refers to the 3 richest region of the world ( the United States, the EU and Japan). Quad -extend the scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadened grouping Quad.12.OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and

22、Development)经济合作发展组织headquarters in Paris, established in 1963, have 29members (23members are high-income countries & 6 middle-income countries).Lesson 3 Regional Economic Intergration1. Major objective of regional integrationTo better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labo

23、r and other resources, countries have signed various agreement to liberalize trade among themselves while putting up barriers to economic activities with non-members.2. The characteristics of a common market(1)Free trade area自由贸易区 members of a free trade removes barriers to the flow of goods and ser

24、vices among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders.(different members may have different tariff rates or quota restrictions.)The most notable(largest market)free trade area is NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement), formed by the United S

25、tated, Canada, Mexico in 1991.(2)Customs union 关税同盟by adopting（采取）the same trade policy for all members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing（废除）trade barriers among themselves.(Its impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour（以迂回

26、方式）as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.)(3)Common market共同市场the European Community remained a common market for some years in the past A. Free movement of goods and services B. Adoption of common external trade policy C. Free movement of the factor of production (such as

27、labor, capital, and technology) Its hard to say individual members will always benefit, still less to expect them to enjoy the advantage of factor mobility to the same degree.(4)Economic union 经济同盟A. is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy, finan

28、ce etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and free production factor mobility. (not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies,etc.but also use the same currency.)B. the member countries are require to surrender some of thei

29、r national sovereignty, which is eroding the tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states.3. The development of EU(the European Union)欧盟: 1952-ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community) For more ambitious integration efforts. 1957-EEC (the Eur

30、opean Economic Community)-Treaty of Rome signed Aim to realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well as harmonization of economic policies of the member countries. 1967-EC (the European community)-became a ture common market as evisaged by the Single European Act formed b

31、y emrging EEC, ECSC and EURATOM(the European Atomic Energy Community) 1994-EU-the strength of the Maastricht Treaty-12members (6signatories of the Treaty of Rome :France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg +1973. Britain, Island and Denmark + 1981. Greece + 1986.Spain and Portugal) 1

32、995-15members (+Austria, Finland and Sweden) 1999-use the common European currency for accounting and settlement 2002-euro banknotes and coin were put into circulation.4. The EU is a full-fledged(齐全的) entity. -composed of 20commissioners overseeing 23departments in charge of different affairs.-the commissioners appointed by member governments, but the commissioners are re