太阳能热水器高聚光比聚光技术储热材料和换热方式.docx

1、太阳能热水器高聚光比聚光技术储热材料和换热方式太阳能热水器高聚光比聚光技术储热材料和换热方式1 太阳能热发电的工作原理Working principle of 1 solar thermal power generation太阳能热发电是指利用聚光器将低密度的太阳能汇聚到焦斑处，使其生成高密度的能量，然后由工作流体将其转换成热能，再利用热能发电。目前，已经达到商业化应用水平的太阳能热发电方式主要有：塔式、槽式、碟式三种方式。Solar thermal power generation refers to the use of condenser low density solar conver

2、ge to the focal point, the formation of high density of energy, and then by the working fluid is converted into heat energy, recycling heat energy power generation. At present, the solar thermal power generation has reached commercial application level are: Tower, trough, disc type in three ways.1.1

3、 塔式太阳能热发电系统1.1 tower solar thermal power generation system塔式太阳能热发电系统将吸热器（单侧受光或四周受光）置于接收塔的顶部，若干台定日镜根据吸热器的类型，排列在接收塔的一侧或四周。这些定日镜自动跟踪太阳，使其反射光能够精确地投射到吸热器内。吸热器将太阳光能转变成热能，并加热盘管内流动着的介质（水或其他流体）产生中高温蒸汽（温度可达5600C以上）驱动汽轮发电机组发电。目前，塔式热发电系统总效率13%左右，聚光吸热部分效率70%左右。研究表明，塔式热发电系统具有聚光比和温度高、热传递路程短、热损耗少、系统综合效率高等特点，极适合于大规模

4、、大容量（一般在30400MW之间）商业化应用。但其一次性投入较大，每台定日镜都需一个单独的二维跟踪机构，装置结构和控制系统复杂，成本较高。Solar thermal power tower system receiver ( unilateral light or by receiving light ) on the top of the tower, a plurality of heliostat based on the type of absorber, arranged in the receiving side, or around the tower. The heliost

5、at to automatically tracking the sun, so that the reflected light can be accurately projected to the heat absorber in. Heat converts solar energy into heat energy, and the heating coil inside the flowing medium ( water or other fluids ) produced in high temperature steam ( above the temperature up t

6、o 5600C ) drive the steam turbine generator. At present, the tower thermal power system total efficiency of about 13%, about 70% light - absorbing efficiency. Research shows that, the tower thermal power generating system with concentration ratio and high temperature, heat transfer in short distance

7、, low heat loss, comprehensive system efficiency higher characteristic, very suitable for large-scale, large capacity ( 30 400MW in general ) commercial application. But the one-time investment is larger, each heliostat requires a single two-dimensional tracking mechanism, device structure and contr

8、ol system of complex, high cost.1.2 槽式太阳能热发电系统1.2 parabolic trough solar thermal power generation system槽式太阳能热发电系统，采用向一个方向弯曲的抛物线形槽式反射镜面将太阳光聚焦到位于焦线的吸热管上，使管内的传热工质（油或水）加热至一定温度，然后经热交换器产生蒸汽驱动汽轮发电机组发电。聚光吸热装置采用一维自动跟踪系统跟踪太阳的运行。槽式热发电系统结构简单、成本较低，并可将多个聚光吸热装置经串、并联排列，构成较大容量的热发电系统。但其聚热比较小、热传递回路长，传热工质温度难以提高，系统综合效率

9、较低。Trough solar thermal power generation system, using parabolic trough reflector curvature in one direction focus sunlight to heat in the focal line pipe, the heat transfer fluid inside the tube ( oil or water ) is heated to a certain temperature, then through the heat exchanger to produce steam to

10、 drive a steam turbine generator set. Condenser - automatic tracking system to track the sun s based on a one-dimensional heat absorbing device. Trough solar power system has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, and can be a plurality of condensing heat absorbing device, through a series of

11、 parallel arrangement, consisting of large capacity thermal power generation system. But the heat is relatively small, the heat transfer loop length, heat transfer fluid temperature is difficult to improve the comprehensive efficiency of the system, lower.1.3 碟式太阳能热发电系统The 1.3 dish solar thermal pow

12、er system碟式太阳能热发电系统，是利用旋转抛物面反射镜，将入射阳光聚集在镜面焦点处，而在该处可放置太阳能吸热器吸收太阳能并加热工质驱动汽轮发电机组发电。碟式热发电系统采用二维跟踪使得聚光镜面始终正对太阳，故其聚光效率最高。碟式热发电系统可单机标准化生产，具有使用寿命长、综合效率高、运行灵活性强等特点，可以单机使用或多台并联使用，非常适合边远山区离网分布式发电。Dish solar thermal power system, is the use of the paraboloidal reflector, the incident sunlight on the mirror focu

13、s, where can be placed solar absorber absorbs solar energy and heating medium drive turbine power generation. Disk type thermal power generation system using 2D tracking the condenser mirror always facing the sun, so the concentration efficiency is the highest. Disk type thermal power generation sys

14、tem can be single standardized production, has the advantages of long service life, high comprehensive efficiency, operation flexibility, can use single or multiple parallel use, very suitable for remote areas away from the network of distributed generation.2 太阳能热发电需要解决的关键技术问题The key technical probl

15、ems need to be solved in the 2 solar thermal power generation太阳能热发电技术由系统设计技术、光学技术、热学技术、材料技术、电气技术等组成。下面分别对各部分中的一些关键问题进行分析。Solar thermal power generation technology by system design technology, optical technology, thermal technology, materials technology, electrical technology etc. The following analy

16、sis is conducted on some key issues in each part of the.2.1 系统设计技术 2.1 system design technology太阳能热发电系统优化设计的基点在于建立准确的太阳能热电站的“聚光吸热传热储热发电”过程的动态热力学模型，并进行多工况的模拟分析。研究太阳能热发电“光热电”系统在启动、正常运行、待机、停机和事故等多种正常和非正常工况下的性能，系统内各单元的相应动作以及对发电的影响。找到某种气象条件下电价成本最优的系统组成方案。Solar thermal power system optimization design bas

17、ed on dynamic thermodynamic model to establish accurate solar thermal power station spotlight - heat - transfer - heat storage and power process, simulation analysis and multiple condition. Study of solar thermal power generation light - heat - electricity system at the start, normal operation, shut

18、down, standby and accident and so on many kinds of normal and abnormal condition performance, the corresponding action of each unit in the system and the effect on the generation of. Find the system cost optimal scheme composed some meteorological conditions.2.2 光学问题The 2.2 optical problems（1）高效率低成本

19、塔式聚光场设计。( 1 ) with high efficiency and low cost tower concentrator design.在大型塔式太阳能热发电系统中，聚光场的年光学效率很大程度上决定了电站的年总发电量，聚光场的成本占电站总成本的50%，因此研究设计高效率低成本定日镜场具有重要意义。对于定日镜的光学设计，需要考虑太阳光谱特性、大角度入射的像差特性及太阳发散角的影响，以及定日镜的位置、塔高、地形、吸热器的接收角等。In the large-scale solar thermal power tower system, condenser field optical ef

20、ficiency largely determines the total annual output from the power stations, concentration field of the total cost at 50%, so the design of high efficiency and low cost of the heliostat field has important significance. For the optical design of heliostat, it needs to consider the impact of aberrati

21、on and the sun, the solar spectrum characteristic of the divergence of large angle of incidence angle, and the position of a heliostat, tower, terrain, the heat receiving angle.（2）轻型高强度槽式聚光反射面。( 2 ) high intensity light trough concentrating reflector.采用尽量轻的反射材料和支撑结构是降低槽式聚光器成本和自身能耗的重要措施。直接采用曲面玻璃镜作为反射

22、面的槽式聚光技术是这一代技术的代表。Used as a light reflecting material and supporting structure is an important measure to reduce the trough concentrator cost and its energy consumption. Direct use of curved glass mirror as the reflecting surface trough concentrating technology is representative of this generation t

23、echnology.（3）高聚光比聚光技术。( 3 ) high concentrating ratio condensing technology. 主要包括二次反射聚光、塔顶反射聚光、轮胎面聚光和分束聚光等技术。Including two reflective concentrator, the reflecting condenser, condenser and the beam spot tire surface technology.（4）光学选择性涂层。( 4 ) optical selective coating.它是对太阳辐射具有光学选择性的涂层，是各种高效吸热器的基础，具有

24、高温化学稳定性。It is the radiation coating with optical selective to the sun, is the basis of all kinds of efficient heat absorbing device, has high chemical stability.2.3 热学问题2.3 thermal problems（1）吸热器低热损机理。( 1 ) the heat absorber heat loss mechanism.减少吸热器的反射损失、热发射损失和自然对流损失是提高吸热器效率的关键。To reduce the reflec

25、tion loss, absorber and heat emission loss and natural convection loss is the key to improve the heat efficiency.（2）吸热器安全性及寿命。( 2 ) the heat absorber safety and life.吸热器长期工作在高密度、变化的辐射热流条件下，工作环境非常恶劣。又由于它是太阳能热发电的核心部件之一，吸热器损坏必然造成电站停止运行，所以，吸热器的安全性非常重要。Radiation heat flux heat absorber working in high de

26、nsity, changes over time, the work environment is very poor. And because it is one of the core components of solar thermal power generation, heat damage will inevitably lead to power stations to stop running, so the heat absorber, safety is very important.（3）高温传热工质。( 3 ) high temperature heat transf

27、er fluid.提高吸热器工质的沸点，降低其熔点是提高工质性能的一个重要目标，也是提高发电效率的重要手段。水和混合熔融盐是目前最常用的传热储热工质。To improve the heat absorber refrigerant boiling point, lower the melting point is an important target for improving working performance, and also an important means to improve the efficiency of power generation. Water and mi

28、xing of the molten salt is the most commonly used in heat transfer of thermal mass storage.（4）储热材料和换热方式。( 4 ) the heat storage material and heat exchange mode.储热工质的工作温度范围决定了太阳能热发电设备的入口参数。要解决的关键问题包括储热材料/换热器耦合的一体化设计方法，提高储热材料的热容、工作温度和工质的化学及物理稳定性，工质容器及输运管路的防腐等。Operating temperature range storage thermal

29、 transfer determines the entrance parameters of solar thermal power generation equipment. Key issues to be addressed include integrated design method of thermal storage materials & heat exchanger coupled, improve the physical and chemical stability of thermal storage materials heat capacity, working

30、 temperature and refrigerant, refrigerant container and anticorrosion transport pipeline.2.4 材料问题2.4 material太阳能热发电系统主要包括集热、传输、蓄热与热交换以及发电等四个单元。每个单元都涉及大量的材料研究开发和应用问题。材料性能的突破可能会带来太阳能热发电效率的大幅度提高或成本大幅度下降。太阳能热发电过程中需解决的材料问题主要有以下五类：Solar thermal power generation system includes heat collection, transmissio

31、n, storage and exchange of heat and power and other four units. Each unit issues related to research and development and application of large amounts of material. A big increase or cost greatly material properties may bring about a breakthrough in solar thermal power generation efficiency. Material

32、problems needed to be solved in solar thermal power generation process in the following five categories:（1）太阳光反射材料。( 1 ) the sun light reflection material.主要是以金属、玻璃及高分子材料为基材的太阳光反射材料的高反射率、材料反射表面防护技术、表面自洁净技术、高精度曲面反射镜等。Mainly in metal, glass and polymer material for solar light reflecting materials of high reflectivity, reflective material surface protection technology, surface self-cleaning technology, high accuracy surface mirror etc.（2）光热转换材料。( 2 ) a photother