克鲁格曼《国际经济学:理论与政策》英文版·第九版 课后习题答案《Solution manual for International Economics Theory-and Policy》Word文档下载推荐.docx
《克鲁格曼《国际经济学:理论与政策》英文版·第九版 课后习题答案《Solution manual for International Economics Theory-and Policy》Word文档下载推荐.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《克鲁格曼《国际经济学:理论与政策》英文版·第九版 课后习题答案《Solution manual for International Economics Theory-and Policy》Word文档下载推荐.docx(189页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
TheRicardianModel 8
Chapter4 Resources,ComparativeAdvantage,andIncomeDistribution 12
Chapter5 TheStandardTradeModel 16
Chapter6 EconomiesofScale,ImperfectCompetition,andInternationalTrade 21
Chapter7 InternationalFactorMovements 26
OverviewofSectionII:
InternationalTradePolicy 30
Chapter8 TheInstrumentsofTradePolicy 32
Chapter9 ThePoliticalEconomyofTradePolicy 37
Chapter10 TradePolicyinDevelopingCountries 42
Chapter11 ControversiesinTradePolicy 45
Overview ofSectionIII:
ExchangeRatesandOpen-EconomyMacroeconomics 49
Chapter12 NationalIncomeAccountingandtheBalanceofPayments 51
Chapter13 ExchangeRatesandtheForeign-ExchangeMarket:
AnAssetApproach 57
Chapter14 Money,InterestRates,andExchangeRates 64
Chapter15 PriceLevelsandtheExchangeRateintheLongRun 70
Chapter16 OutputandtheExchangeRateintheShortRun 76
Chapter17 FixedExchangeRatesandForeign-ExchangeIntervention 84
OverviewofSectionIV:
InternationalMacroeconomicPolicy 92
Chapter18 TheInternationalMonetarySystem,1870–1973 94
Chapter19 MacroeconomicPolicyandCoordinationUnderFloatingExchangeRates 99
Chapter20 OptimumCurrencyAreasandtheEuropeanExperience 107
Chapter21 TheGlobalCapitalMarket:
PerformanceandPolicyProblems 112
Chapter22 DevelopingCountries:
Growth,Crisis,andReform 117
Chapter1
Introduction
n ChapterOrganization
WhatisInternationalEconomicsAbout?
TheGainsfromTrade
ThePatternofTrade
HowMuchTrade
BalanceofPayments
Exchange-RateDetermination
InternationalPolicyCoordination
TheInternationalCapitalMarketInternationalEconomics:
TradeandMoney
n ChapterOverview
Theintentofthischapteristoprovidebothanoverviewofthesubjectmatterofinternationaleconomicsandtoprovideaguidetotheorganizationofthetext.Itisrelativelyeasyforaninstructortomotivatethestudyofinternationaltradeandfinance.Thefrontpagesofnewspapers,thecoversofmagazines,and
theleadreportsontelevisionnewsbroadcastsheraldtheinterdependenceoftheU.S.economywiththerestoftheworld.Thisinterdependencemayalsoberecognizedbystudentsthroughtheirpurchasesofimportsofallsortsofgoods,theirpersonalobservationsoftheeffectsofdislocationsduetointernationalcompetition,andtheirexperiencethroughtravelabroad.
Thestudyofthetheoryofinternationaleconomicsgeneratesanunderstandingofmanykeyeventsthatshapeourdomesticandinternationalenvironment.Inrecenthistory,theseeventsincludethecausesandconsequencesofthelargecurrentaccountdeficitsoftheUnitedStates;
thedramaticappreciationofthedollarduringthefirsthalfofthe1980sfollowedbyitsrapiddepreciationinthesecondhalfofthe1980s;
theLatinAmericandebtcrisisofthe1980sandtheMexicancrisisinlate1994;
andtheincreasedpressuresforindustryprotectionagainstforeigncompetitionbroadlyvoicedinthelate1980sandmorevocallyespousedinthefirsthalfofthe1990s.Morerecently,thefinancialcrisisthatbeganinEastAsiain1997andspreadtomanycountriesaroundtheglobeandtheEconomicandMonetaryUnioninEuropehavehighlightedthewayinwhichvariousnationaleconomiesarelinkedandhowimportantitisforustounderstandtheseconnections.Atthesametime,protestsatglobaleconomicmeetingshavehighlightedoppositiontoglobalization.Thetextmaterialwillenablestudents
tounderstandtheeconomiccontextinwhichsucheventsoccur.
Chapter1ofthetextpresentsdatademonstratingthegrowthintradeandincreasingimportanceofinternationaleconomics.Thischapteralsohighlightsandbrieflydiscussesseventhemeswhicharisethroughoutthebook.Thesethemesinclude:
(1)thegainsfromtrade;
(2)thepatternoftrade;
(3)protectionism;
(4)thebalanceofpayments;
(5)exchangeratedetermination;
(6)internationalpolicycoordination;
and(7)theinternationalcapitalmarket.Studentswillrecognizethatmanyofthecentralpolicydebatesoccurringtodaycomeundertherubricofoneofthesethemes.Indeed,itisoftenafruitfulheuristictousecurrenteventstoillustratetheforceofthekeythemesandargumentswhicharepresentedthroughoutthetext.
InternationalTradeTheory
SectionIofthetextiscomprisedofsixchapters:
Chapter2 WorldTrade:
AnOverview
Chapter3 LaborProductivityandComparativeAdvantage:
TheRicardianModelChapter4 Resources,ComparativeAdvantage,andIncomeDistributionChapter5 TheStandardTradeModel
Chapter6 EconomiesofScale,ImperfectCompetition,andInternationalTrade
Chapter7 InternationalFactorMovements
n SectionIOverview
SectionIofthetextpresentsthetheoryofinternationaltrade.Theintentofthissectionistoexplore
themotivesforandimplicationsofpatternsoftradebetweencountries.Thepresentationproceedsbyintroducingsuccessivelymoregeneralmodelsoftrade,wherethegeneralityisprovidedbyincreasingthenumberoffactorsusedinproduction,byincreasingthemobilityoffactorsofproductionacrosssectors
oftheeconomy,byintroducingmoregeneraltechnologiesappliedtoproduction,andbyexaminingdifferenttypesofmarketstructure.ThroughoutSectionI,policyconcernsandcurrentissuesareused
toemphasizetherelevanceofthetheoryofinternationaltradeforinterpretingandunderstandingoureconomy.
Chapter2givesabriefoverviewofworldtrade.Inparticular,itdiscusseswhatweknowaboutthequantitiesandpatternofworldtradetoday.Thechapterusestheempiricalrelationshipknownas
thegravitymodelasaframeworktodescribetrade.Thisframeworkdescribestradeasafunctionofthesizeoftheeconomiesinvolvedandtheirdistance.Itcanthenbeusedtoseewherecountriesaretradingmoreorlessthanexpected.Thechapteralsonotesthegrowthinworldtradeoverthepreviousdecades
andusesthepreviouseraofglobalization(pre-WWI)ascontextfortoday’sexperience.
Chapter3introducesyoutointernationaltradetheorythroughaframeworkknownastheRicardianmodeloftrade.Thismodeladdressestheissueofwhytwocountrieswouldwanttotradewitheachother.Thismodelshowshowmutually-beneficialtradeariseswhentherearetwocountries,eachwithonefactorofproductionwhichcanbeappliedtowardproducingeachoftwogoods.Keyconceptsareintroduced,suchastheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier,comparativeadvantageversusabsoluteadvantage,gainsfromtrade,relativeprices,and
relativewagesacrosscountries.
Chapter4introduceswhatisknownastheclassicHeckscher-Ohlinmodelofinternationaltrade.Usingthisframework,youcanworkthroughtheeffectsoftradeonwages,pricesandoutput.Manyimportantandintuitiveresultsarederivedinthischapterincluding:
theRybczynskiTheorem,theStolper-SamuelsonTheorem,andtheFactorPriceEqualizationTheorem.ImplicationsoftheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelforthepatternoftradeamongcountriesarediscussed,asarethefailuresofempiricalevidencetoconfirm
thepredictionsofthetheory.Thechapteralsointroducesquestionsofpoliticaleconomyintrade.Oneimportantreasonforthisadditiontothemodelistoconsidertheeffectsoftradeonincomedistribution.
Thisapproachshowsthatwhilenationsgenerallygainfrominternationaltrade,itisquitepossiblethatspecificgroupswithinthesenationscouldbeharmedbythistrade.Thisdiscussion,andrelatedquestionsaboutprotectionismversusglobalization,becomesbroaderandevenmoreinterestingasyouworkthroughthemodelsanddifferentassumptionsofsubsequentchapters.
Chapter5presentsageneralmodelofinternationaltradewhichadmitsthemodelsofthepreviouschaptersasspecialcases.This“standardtrademodel”isdepictedgraphicallybyageneralequilibriumtrademodelasappliedtoasmallopeneconomy.Relativedemandandrelativesupplycurvesareusedtoanalyzeavarietyofpolicyissues,suchastheeffectsofeconomicgrowth,thetransferproblem,andtheeffectsoftradetariffsandproductionsubsidies.Theappendixtothechapterdevelopsoffercurveanalysis.
Whileanextremelyusefultool,thestandardmodeloftradefailstoaccountforsomeimportantaspects
ofinternationaltrade.Specifically,whilethefactorproportionsHeckscher-Ohlintheoriesexplainsometradeflowsbetweencountries,recentresearchininternationaleconomicshasplacedanincreasingemphasisoneconomiesofscaleinproductionandimperfectcompetitionamongfirms.
Chapter6presentsmodelsofinternationaltradethatreflectthesedevelopments.Thechapterbeginsbyreviewingtheconceptofmonopolisticcompetitionamongfirms,andthenshowingthegainsfromtradewhichariseinsuchimperfectlycompetitivemarkets.Next,internalandexternaleconomiesofscaleinproductionandcomparativeadvantagearediscussed.Thechaptercontinueswithadiscussionoftheimportanceofintra-industrytrade,dumping,andexternaleconomiesofproduction.Thesubjectmatter
ofthischapterisimportantsinceitshowshowgainsfromtradeariseinwaysthatarenotsuggestedby
thestandard,moretraditionalmodelsofinternationaltrade.Thesubjectmatteralsoisenlighteninggiventheincreasedemphasisonintra-industrytradeinindustrializedcountries.
Chapter7focusesoninternationalfactormobility.Thisdepartsfrompreviouschapterswhichassumedthatthefact