专业八级 155.docx

专业八级 155.docx

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专业八级155

专业八级-155

（总分：

100.05，做题时间：

90分钟）

一、LISTENINGCOMPREHENSION（总题数：

3，分数：

100.00）

ControllingYourConcentration

Ⅰ.Theconcernedinformationofconcentration

A.Yourattentionspan1

e.g.thetickingofawatchsounds

asifitincreasesandfades

althoughtheintensityofitisconstant

B.Youpayattentiontoonethingatatime

—a（n）2:

youattendtoseveralconceptsatatime

—Inhighconcentration:

theshiftfromfocusofattentionis

a）ofshort3

b）4

C.5ofyourattentionvarytodifferentdegrees

—highlevel:

longperiodsofattending;shortdistractionperiods

—lowlevel:

shortperiodsofattending;longdistractionperiods

—moderatelevel:

6

e.g.Onecanconcentratebecause7aretoostrong

Ⅱ.Twosortsofdistractors

A.Psychologicaldistractors

—8arethemostpowerfuldistractors

a）angrymanforgetsthepain

b）fearfulmanishardtobehappy

c）anxiousmanisuneasyaboutthesmallestofmatters

—peopleact9underpressure

B.10

—traits:

alwayspresentandrarelyunderstood

—physicaldistractorsonmentaltasks

a）backgroundmusiccouldaffect

comprehensionand11

b）distractorsaffecttheabilitytorecallaccurately

c）12affectsmentaltaskadversely

Ⅲ.Routineand13areaffecteddifferentlybydistractors

A.Distractionmaynotaffect（14）insomebackgrounds

B.Exceptionalpeopledowellunder14because

—motivationplaysimportantly

—differencesexistinindividualspansofattention

ControllingYourConcentration

Ⅰ.Theconcernedinformationofconcentration

A.Yourattentionspan1

e.g.thetickingofawatchsounds

asifitincreasesandfades

althoughtheintensityofitisconstant

B.Youpayattentiontoonethingatatime

—a（n）2:

youattendtoseveralconceptsatatime

—Inhighconcentration:

theshiftfromfocusofattentionis

a）ofshort3

b）4

C.5ofyourattentionvarytodifferentdegrees

—highlevel:

longperiodsofattending;shortdistractionperiods

—lowlevel:

shortperiodsofattending;longdistractionperiods

—moderatelevel:

6

e.g.Onecanconcentratebecause7aretoostrong

Ⅱ.Twosortsofdistractors

A.Psychologicaldistractors

—8arethemostpowerfuldistractors

a）angrymanforgetsthepain

b）fearfulmanishardtobehappy

c）anxiousmanisuneasyaboutthesmallestofmatters

—peopleact9underpressure

B.10

—traits:

alwayspresentandrarelyunderstood

—physicaldistractorsonmentaltasks

a）backgroundmusiccouldaffect

comprehensionand11

b）distractorsaffecttheabilitytorecallaccurately

c）12affectsmentaltaskadversely

Ⅲ.Routineand13areaffecteddifferentlybydistractors

A.Distractionmaynotaffect（14）insomebackgrounds

B.Exceptionalpeopledowellunder14because

—motivationplaysimportantly

—differencesexistinindividualspansofattention

（分数：

30.00）

解析：

vanes//fluctuates[原力原文]

ControllingYourConcentration

Goodmorning,everyone.Todayourtopicisonhowtocontrolyourconcentration.Firstofall,

wehavetolookatdefinitionofconcentration.Psychologicallydefined,concentrationisthe

processofcenteringonesattentionoveraperiodoftime.Inpracticalapplication,however,

concentrationisnotassimpletodealsuccessfullywithasthedefinitionmayimply.Forthis

reason,itishelpfultokeepthefollowingpointsinmind.

Thefirstpoint,yourattentionspanvaries.Evenwiththegreatesteffort,ourspanofattention

fluctuates.Youcandemonstrateforyourselfthisfluctuationofattention.Inaquietroom,place

awatchsothatitcanjustscarcelybeheard.Listencarefullyandnoticehowthetickingincreases

inapparentintensity,fadestoapointwhereitcannotbeheard,andthenincreasesagain.This

phenomenonrevealshowourspanofattentionfluctuates,fortheintensityofthetickingis

actuallyconstant.

Secondly,youpayattentiontoonethingatatime.Evidencetodateindicatesthatyouattend

tooneideaatatime.Itispossibleforyourattentiontoshiftsorapidlythatitseemsthat

youattendtoseveralconceptsatonce.Butapparentlythisisonlyanillusion.Inhigh

concentrationtheshiftfromthefocusofattentionisofshortdurationandrelativelyinfrequent.

Thirdly,wewilltalkaboutlevelsofhigh,moderate,andlowattention.High-levelattention

haslongperiodsofattendingandshortdistractionperiods.Inlow-levelattentiontheperiods

ofattendingareshortandthedistractionperiodslong.Inmoderate-levelattention,thereis

amixtureoftheextremes.Thusitiseasytoseethatitishighlyunlikelythatthestudent

whohasmostofhisattentioncenteredonfancyingatlargewillbeabletorecalleventhemajor

pointsofalecture.Lackofconcentrationisasymptom,notacause,ofdifficulty.Whenastudent

saysIcanconcentrate,whatheisreallysayingis,Icanattendtothetaskathand

becausemydistractorsaretoostrong.

Fourthly,wecometothetwosortsofdistractors—psychologicalandphysical.Adistractoris

anythingwhichcausesattentiontovaryfromacentralfocalpoint.Inthestudysituation

distractorsmaybethoughtofaseitherpsychologicalorphysicalinnature.Bothtypesof

distractorsmustbeunderstoodbeforethestudentcanattempttoremedyhislackofconcentration.

Ithasbeenprovenbyscientiststhatemotionsarethemostpowerfuldistractors.Theangryman

forgetsthepainofinjury,thefearfulmanfindsitdifficulttoenjoypleasureandthetense

oranxiouspersonmayreactviolentlytothesmallestofmatters.Inthestudentslifethere

aremanypsychologicalpressuresandtensionswhichblockeffectiveproductivity.Thefearsabout

makingthegrade,thedoubtsofthefriendlinessofafriendsbehaviourandthepressuresof

limitedfinances—theseareonlyafewoftheemotionalforceswhichaffectthestudent.Emotional

reactionvariesgreatlyfrompersontoperson.Somepersonsgaingoalanddirectionfromtheir

tensionsandactuallydobetterbecauseofthem.Othersfallapartunderpressure,whileafew

peopledowelldespitethepressure.Physicaldistractorsarealwayspresentandrarelyunderstood.

Ourenvironmentismuchmoreimportanttohowwefeelandreactthanweoftenthink.Particularly

isthistrueoftheeffectofphysicaldistractorsonmentaltasks.Oneresearchreporthasshown

thatcomprehensionandretentionofreadingweredecreasedwhenstudentslistenedtolivelymusic.

However,rateofreadingwasnotaffected,sothatmanystudentswerenotawarethat.theywere

affectedbythebackgrounddistractor.Anotherstudyfoundthattheabilitytorecallaccurately

wasaffectedbydistractingconditions.Mostoftheevidenceindicatesthatnoiseaffects

adverselyhighermentaltaskoutput.Still,theeffectofdistractorsisseldomfullyappreciated

bystudents.

Next,wearegoingtotalkaboutroutineandreasoningtasksareaffecteddifferentlyby

distractors.Manyroutinetaskscanbeperformedwithdistractioninthebackgroundwithlittle

ornoadverseeffectonoutput.Moststudentshavefoundthisfacttobetruefromtheirown

experience.Theymayhavehadhighschoolhomeworkwhichwasdrillormerelycopyingassignments.

Itwaspossibletodosuchworkwiththelatestrecordingsorthetelevisionsetplayinginthe

background.Intimesuchstudentsbegantofeelcertainthattheycoulddoallwork—routineor

problem-solving—inthesamemanner.Theevidenceindicatesthecontraryconclusion.

Lastbutnotleast,wevegottorememberthatexceptionsmaymisleadyou.Typicallywhenstudents

arefacedwiththeevidenceondistractorstheargumentisgiventhattheircousin,friend,or

classmatecanstudyinGrandCentralStation.AndhemakesallAstoo!

Thereisevidence,

ofcourse,thatmotivationplaysanimportantroleinovercomingtheeffectsofdistractorsand

thatthereareconsiderabledifferencesinindividualspansofattention.Eitherofthesefactors

couldaccountforsomeindividualsbeingabletodowellusinginefficientmethods.Thefactthat

someexceptionalpeopledowellunderadverseconditionsscarcelyjustifiesyourassumingthat

youareexceptionalinthesamemanner.Yourchancesofsuccessarehigherifyouavoidthe

distracterswhichareknowntohinderthetypicalstudent.

Tosumupwhatwehavediscussedtoday.Generallyspeaking,todaywemainlyfocusedon

concentrationsandwehaveprovidedwithyousixsuggestionsonhowtocontrolyourconcentration.

Wehopethesesuggestionswillbehelpful.

的定义，接下来讲述第一个要点“你concentration整篇讲座的主题是如何控制注意力。

首先提出]解析[

的注意力范围是变化（varies）的”，接着又再次提到“即使付出最大努力，我们注意力的范围还是波动（fluctuates）的”。

因此，此空可填入varies或fluctuates。

解析：

illusion//misconception[解析]录音原文提到，“你的注意力可能转移得很快，似乎能立刻注意到几个概念”，但紧接着说这种现象“是错觉（illusion）”。

因此，此处应填入illusion或misconception。

要点提示词but表示转折关系，其后的信息是常考之处，笔记中不可忽视。

解析：

duration//period[解析]针对上一题提到的illusion（错觉），本题说的是对注意力的正确认识，录音提到“注意力的焦点转移是在很短时间（duration）内”，结合题目应填入duration或其同义词period。

解析：

relativelyinfrequent[解析]这里考查的是注意力转移的另一个情况：

relativelyinfrequent。

解析：

Levels[解析]录音提到了attention的三种level，即highlevel，moderatelevel，lowlevel。

应填入Levels。

如果笔记中没有记下，还可以从题目后的分项内容中找到答案，level出现了三次!

注意首字母大写。

解析：

mixtureofextremes[解析]录音提到，中度的注意力，是两者的结合。

由于每个空格最多填入三个单词，故用mixtureofextremes。

解析：

distractors[解析]录音提到：

“因为分散我的注意力的干扰物（distractors）太强，我不能专心手头的工作。

”由此可知答案为distractors。

录音中多次提到distractors一词，多次提及的内容为常考处，笔记时需特别注意。

解析：

emotions[解析]录音提到，科学家证实情绪（emotions）是造成分心的最大因素。

由此可知填入emotions。

若笔记中没有记录，还可根据题目中的angry，fearful，anxious进行推断，这些词分别表达了各种情绪。

解析：

differently//variedly[解析]录音原文描述了情绪对注意力的影响后，紧接着提到“对情绪的反应因人而异”，结