英语四级语法基础知识.docx
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英语四级语法基础知识
英语四级语法基础知识
动词（时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等）
时态
1）现在完成进行时态（have/hasbeen+-ing分词构成）:
动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.
I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.
I’vebeensittinginthegarden.
2）过去完成进行时（由hadbeen+ing分词构成）:
过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作
I’dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.
Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.
3）将来完成进行时:
将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.
Inanothermonth’stimeshe’llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.
4）将来完成时（由shall/willhave+过去分词构成）:
将来某时已发生的事.
Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.
They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.
语态
可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:
Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.
Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.
能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.
Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.
担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:
Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?
Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.（你应该晓得速度限制）
双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态
双宾语结构的被动语态:
双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.
Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.
Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.
宾补结构的被动语态:
ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.
Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.
Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.
Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.
短语动词
Vi+adv
Theplanetookofftwohourslate.
Vi+prep
TheylookedroundtheCathedral.
Vi+prep（有被动语态）
在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略:
在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a）,或者主语是itb）,就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分（特别是动词be）省略掉.
Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.
Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.
Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.
Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.
Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.
Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.
Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.
Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.
Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.
Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.
Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.
Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.
Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.
Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.
Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.
IfnecessaryI’llhavetheletterduplicated.
Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere（ver）necessary.
Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.
Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.
在以thana）或asb）引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.
Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan（itis）necessary.
Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.
Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople（did）.
Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.
Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.
Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.
错误的省略
HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.
Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.
一致
如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.
Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.
Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.
Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.
代词作主语时的一致
each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.
Eachofushassomethingtosay.
Iseverybodyready?
Somebodyisusingthephone.
Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.
Haseitherofthemtoldyou?
some,few,both,many等作复数
some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.
none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念,但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:
Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus
Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.
None（=notasingleone）ofushasgotacamera.
None（=nobody）hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.
Noneofthisworriesme.
all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词（allofthe…,mostofthe…）,动词用单数.
由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由notonly…but（also）,either…or,neither…nor或or连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致
Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.
Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.
EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.
NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.
如果一个句子是由there或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致。
Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.
Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.
people,police,cattle,poultry（家禽）,militia（民兵）等通常都用作复数.
Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.
Thepolicearelookingforhim.
有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定.
Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge.
Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.
Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.
Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.
Theaudiencewasenormous.
Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.
有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:
Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.
Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.
Thisspeciesisnowextinct.
Thesespeciesarenowextinct.
表示时间,重量,长度,价值等的名词,尽管仍是复数形式,如果作整体看待,动词也可用单数形式（当然用复数动词也是可以的）:
Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.
Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.
书名,国家名用单数:
TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.
学科名,如mathematics,economics用单数.
manya或morethanone所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:
Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.
Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.
anumberof后接复数,thenumberof后接单数:
Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.
Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.
oneofthose后用单数.在“oneof+复数名词+关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：
Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.
当one之前友theonly等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one而定，即采用单数形式：
Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.
Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.
当one之前友theonly等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one而定，即采用单数形式：
Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.
Ⅱ非谓语动词
不定式
形式
主动形式被动形式
一般式todotobedone
完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone
进行式tobedoing
完成进行式tohavebeendoing
完成式:
不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作（状态）之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式。
Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother（=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother）.
（比较:
Iamgladtoseeyou.）
Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.
Hepretendednottohaveseenme.
进行式:
如果主要谓语表示的动作（状态）发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式。
Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven'tquiterecoveredyet.
Wedidn'texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.
Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.
完成进行式:
在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.
Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.
Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.
被动式:
当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.
Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.
Shehatedtobeflattered.
Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.
Thisisboundtobefoundout.
Therearealotofthingstobedone.
Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.
功用:
不定式可以作主语（a）,宾语（b）,表语（c）,定语（d）或是状语（e）.
a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.
b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.
c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.
d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?
e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.
不带to的不定式:
在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带to.
Johnmadehertellhimeverything.
这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.
Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.
在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might（just）aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.
I'drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.
Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.
在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.
Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.
I'veheardtellofhim.
在动词help（或help+宾语）之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.
CanIhelp（to）liftthisheavybox?
在介词except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to.
Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.
Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.
There'snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.
连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.
Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.
出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.
Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.
Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.
用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.
Whathewilldois（to）spoilthewholething.
Allyoudonowiscompletetheform
TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.
TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.
主谓一致
【专项训练】
1、Nothingbutcarsintheshop.
A.issoldB.aresoldC.weresoldD.aregoingtosell
2、NooneexceptJackandTomtheanswer.
A.knowB.knowsC.i
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