企业家精神在出口贸易中的作用印度中国台湾软件出口的比较外文翻译.docx

企业家精神在出口贸易中的作用印度中国台湾软件出口的比较外文翻译.docx

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企业家精神在出口贸易中的作用印度中国台湾软件出口的比较外文翻译

外文翻译

原文

Theroleofexport-drivenentrepreneurshipineconomicdevelopment:

AcpmparisonofsoftwareexportsfromIndia,China,andTaiwan

MaterialSource:

TechnologicalForecasting&SocialChange71（2004）799–822

Author:

FarokJ.Contractor,SumitKundu

5.Entrepreneurshipinsoftwareexports:

acomparisonbetweenIndiaandTaiwan

MostimportantlyforIndia,theentrepreneurialqualitiesinherentinsoftwareexportsmayrepresentapowerfulexampleforothersectors,aswellasstimulateafasterliberalizationofIndiangovernmentpolicy（AroraandAthreye）.Thefollowingsectionofthepaperaskswhethersoftwareexportsuccessisbasedonfirmorentrepreneurcharacteristics.SamplefirmsinIndiaandTaiwanweresurveyedin2000,anddataontheiroperationsbetween1995and1999werecompared.

5.1.Indiansoftwareexporters

TheIndiansoftwareindustrygrewfromUS$553millionin1993–94tomorethanUS$6billionin2001,with60%ofitsoutputexportedabroad,withimportantdestinationsbeingNorthAmerica,WesternEurope,andJapan.

5.2.Taiwanesesoftwareindustry

UnlikeIndia,Taiwan’ssoftwareindustryhasastrongconnectiontoadomestichardwareindustry.TaiwanhasbeenamajormanufacturerofhardwarefortheglobalITmarket.Togetherwithitsdomesticmarket,thetotalITmarketsizeforTaiwanisbiggerthanIndia’s.Toincreaseproductcompetitiveness,Taiwanesehardwaremanufacturersembedsoftwareintotheirproductstoincreasevalue.Taiwan’ssemiconductorindustryhasalsoflourished—domesticproductionoutputby1996hadreachedUS$6.5billion.Theintegratedcircuit（IC）designindustryalsoutilizessoftwaretoolstodevelopnewproducts.Therefore,toaccuratelycalculatethetotalvalueofthesoftwareindustryinTaiwan,thesetwoindustrialsectorsneedtobeincluded.UnlikethesoftwareindustryinIndia,wheremostsoftwarecompaniesarestand-alonebusinesses,thesectorinTaiwancomprisesnotonlyindividualcompanies,butalsosubsidiariesofmajorhardwareorICmanufacturers.Becauseofalimiteddomesticmarket,Taiwanesecompaniesinternationalizedearlyforscaleandriskdiversification,aidedbygovernmentgrants.From1996to2000,significantgrowthinexportvolume,scopeofbusiness,andexportareatookplaceusingoverseasofficesandalliances.

5.3.Questionnaireadministration

FourhundredandfiftyfirmsintheIndiansampleweredrawnfromDirectoryofIndianExportersofComputerSoftwareandInformationTechnologyEnabledServices,1998–1999（MinistryofCommerce）.Aquestionnairewasmailedtochiefexecutiveofficers（CEO）ofthesesoftwarefirms.

TaiwanesefirmswereidentifiedfromtheInformationServiceIndustryAssociationofR.O.C.（Taiwan）,whichhas665members.Toavoidfirm-sizebiasandtobeconsistentwiththesubsamplefromIndia,78firmswereremovedbecausethesecompaniesortheirparentsarepubliclytradedineitherTaiwanorforeignstockmarkets.Theremaining587metthecriterionofsmallandmediumenterprises（SMEs）inTaiwan（i.e.,apaid-incapitaloflessthanNT$5millionortotalemployeesfewerthan100andannualsalesoflessthanNT$5millionornumberofemployeesfewerthan50）.

5.4.Regressionmodel

Aregressionanalysis,usingasdependentvariables

1）Afirm’sexportintensity（%ofturnoverexported）widelyusedintheliteraturebyAxinn,BurtonandSchlegelmilch,Bilkey,andBelloandWilliamson;and

2）Exportgrowthrate.

Itwasperformedwithalog-linearspecification（semilogspecification）,wherethepartialslopeofavariableisafunctionofthelevelofthedependentvariable,inasmuchasentrepreneurattributesandfirm-levelcharacteristicsasindependentvariablesareexponentiallyrelatedtothetwodependentvariables.

Theexplanatoryvariablesaregroupedintotwocategories:

Entrepreneurcharacteristics

Educationalbackgroundofentrepreneur

Internationalexperienceofentrepreneur

Technologicalinnovativeness

Strategicorientation

Firm-levelcharacteristics

Sizeoffirm

Ageoffirm

Internationalexperienceoffirm

Foreignexpertiseofemployees

Foreignmarketcoverage

5.4.1.Entrepreneurattributes

Technicaleducationwasmeasuredbyaskingtheentrepreneurs/CEOsineachcompanytoindicatetheirundergraduateand/orgraduatelevelofstudiesandfieldofspecialization.Internationalexperiencewasmeasuredbyaskingwhethertheypossessedforeignexpertiseandthenumberofyearsoftheirpersonalinternationalexperience.TechnologicalinnovativenesswasmeasuredbyascaledevelopedbyRogersandSchumakerthatrangesfromtechnical‘‘pioneer’’to‘‘traditionalist.’’Internationalstrategicorientationwasmeasuredthroughaquestiongaugingtheirabilitytosimultaneouslyhandlethecontrastingstrategiesof‘‘globalization’’and‘‘localization.’’

5.4.2.Firmcharacteristics

Thesizeoffirmswasoperationalizedby（a）totalsalesand（b）numberofemployees.Becauseofthehighcorrelationbetweenthem（.668）,justonemeasure（thenumberofemployees）wasused.Theageofthefirmwascodedastheyearthecompanywasformed.Internationalexperiencewasmeasuredbyaskingfortheyearinwhichthefirmstartedexportingonaconsistentbasis,asinCavusgilandZou[20].（Notethatthismakesforanegativeexpectedsigntoverifythehypothesis.）Theforeignexpertiseofemployeeswasmeasuredthroughadummyvariable,similartoDiamantopuolosandInglis[21].Finally,thegeographicalscope（orforeignmarketcoverage）ofthefirmmeasuresthegeographicaldispersionorscopeofforeignmarketcoverage,alongalocal/regional/globalsalescoveragespectrumforthefirm’scustomers.Atotalof108responseswasreceived（47fromtheIndiansubsampleand61fromTaiwan）fromatargetlistof1037companies.

5.5.Discussionofresults

Table6reportsresultsfortheANOVAtestforcomparisonsbetweenIndiaandTaiwan.WeseesignificantdifferencesbetweenIndianandTaiwaneseentrepreneurs.WhiletheeducationalbackgroundofthesampleentrepreneursishigherinTaiwan,Indianentrepreneurs/CEOshavegreaterinternationalexperienceandtechnologicalinnovativeness.Asforthefirm-levelcharacteristics,thetwovariablesinwhichIndiaandTaiwanesefirmsaresignificantlydifferentaresize（largerinTaiwan）andforeignexpertiseofemployees（higherinIndia）.Thesecomparisonsreflectthesomewhatdifferentbackgroundsofthesoftwaresectorsinthetwonations.Taiwanesefirmsmaybelarger,andtheirleadersmaybemorehighlyeducated,becauseoftheassociationwithlargechipandhardwarecompaniesinTaiwan.Indiansoftwarefirms,bycontrast,aremorestand-aloneoperationswhoseforeignexportsuccessdependsonthegreaterforeignexposureofboththeentrepreneursandtheiremployees.Lackingahardwareindustrybase,Indiansoftwareentrepreneursalsoregistergreatertechnologicalinnovativeness,althoughthedirectionofcausalitybetweenexportsuccessandinnovativenessisnotknown.

5.6.Entrepreneurcharacteristics

Thehypothesisthatentrepreneurswithtechnicaland/orprofessionaleducationwillhavestrongexportperformancewasstronglysupportedacrosstheboardforbothTaiwanandIndia,withsignificancegenerallybetterthan.01forbothexportperformancemeasures,viz.,exportgrowthandexportintensity.

Thehypothesisthatentrepreneurswhohavehadgreaterinternationalbusinessexperienceintheirpersonalbackgroundwillhavestrongerexportperformanceintheircompanieswasnotsupported.Itwasalsohypothesizedthatinnovativeentrepreneurswouldhavesuperiorexportperformance.ThishypothesisissupportedinthreeofthefourmodelsandfailstoachievesignificanceonlyfortheexportgrowthdependentvariableinIndia.ThefinaltestunderEntrepreneurCharacteristics,examinestheimpactofstrategicorientationoftheentrepreneurandmeasuresitsimpactonperformancemeasures.Theresultsshowsomesupportforthehypothesisthatanentrepreneur’sstrategicorientationthatemphasizes‘‘glocalization’’（theabilitytosimultaneouslyhandleglobalandlocalmarketdemands）isthewaytoachievesuccessabroad.

5.7.Firm-levelcharacteristics:

Whatistheimpactoffirmsizeonperformancemeasures?

Theregressioncoefficientswithrespecttosizearenotsignificantinanyregression.Thenullhypothesis—thatfirmsizewillhavenosignificantimpactonexportperformance—wassupported.

Anullhypothesisstatedthattherewouldbenostatisticallinkbetweenafirm’sageanditsexportperformance.Thisnullhypothesiswassupported.

Thenexthypothesisexaminestheinfluenceofthefirm’sinternationalexperienceonexportgrowthandintensity.Wehadhypothesizedapositiverelationship.（However,thiswouldbeverifiedbyanexpectednegativesignbecausetheinternationalexperiencevariablewascodedsimplyastheyearinwhichthefirstsignificantexportswererecordedbythecompany.）Thereisanegativerelationshipacrosstheboardandsignificantallfourrunssupportingthishypothesis.

Next,wehypothesizedthattheextentofforeignexpertiseofafirm’semployeeswouldhaveapositiveimpactonitsexportperformance.Thishypothesisisstronglysupportedforbothcountries.Thefinalhypothesiswasthatthegreatertheforeigngeographicalcoverageofthesoftwareexports,thebettertheperformance.ThiswasnotsupportedforIndia,andinthecaseofTaiwan,thisproducedanunexpectednegativesign,withsignificance.ThiscouldbeasaresultofTaiwan’ssoftwareproducersbeingmorelinkedtotheirdomestichardwareindustrythaninthecaseofIndia,wheremostofthesoftwaresectorisastand-alonebusinesswithexportorientation.However,thisisonlyanexposthypothesis,andalternativeexplanationsforthecontraryfinding