英语语法大全9.docx
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英语语法大全9
A.介词的宾语
1225 介词后面一般紧跟宾语。
这种定语是名词或相当于名词的东西。
一共有11种关型。
1226 1.名词:
Iliveinasmallhouse.
Wearewalkingalongthestreet.
Iwillansweryouconcerningyourrequest.
1227 2.代词:
Ispoketothem.
Heisinterestedinit.
Hewrotetomeconcerninghimself.
1228 3.动名词:
Hespenttheafternooninswimming.
HelearnsEnglishbyreadingEnglishpapers.
Heinsistedongoingbacktothehotel.
1229 4.不定式:
Hedidnothingbut(orexcept)(to)sleep.
Everythingisallowedexcepttodisturbothers.
Whatdoeshedosave(to)talknonsense?
Iwouldsoonerdiethan(to)yield.
Iknowbetterthantoarguewithsucharascal.(Iwillnotargue.)
Icoulddonootherwisethan(to)laugh.(Icouldnotbutlaush.)
(不定式一般不能用作介词的宾语,只有在save,but,ex-cept和than后可以。
在这样用时to常常省略。
)
1230 5.疑问词+不定式:
Theproblemofwhattodoisdifficulttosettle.
Thatdependsonwhichmethodtouse.
Wehaveinformedhimofwhentosendthemerchandise.
Haveyoureceivedmyletterregardinghowtosendthemoney?
(在任何适当介词后这种结构都可使用)
1231 6.表示时间或地点的副词:
Weallhavetrustedhimtillnow(ortillrecently).
Hehasbeenillsincethen.
Hehasneverseenanyonesincethreeyearsago.
I'llloveyouforever.
Ishallhavefinisheditbytomorrow.
Weshallmeetagainbeforelong.
Hecamefromafar.
Hehasjustreturnedfromabroad.
Newtroublesarosefromwithin(orfromhere,fromallaround,fromhardby,frombelow,fromelse-where).
比较:
Hestoodinhere(oroutthere).(这里in和out是副词,不是介词。
)
(能以副词作宾语的介词为数不多)
1232 7.形容词:
Inshort,Ihaveexplainedeverything.
Atfirst,hefailed;butatlast,hesucceeded.
Hehasatleastathousandfriends.
Ihaveadvisedhiminpublicandinprivate.Hewasilloflate.
(只在少数成语中可在介词后用形容词)
1233 8.介词短语:
Hecamefromacrosstheriver.(across=aplaceacross)
Hereturnedfrombeyondthesea.(beyond=aplacebeyond)
Hewasshotfrombehindthehedge.
Hestoletobehindtheenemy.
Theenemysuddenlyappearedfromjustbelowourfeet.
(两个介词之间夹入一个副词)
Hehasbeenillsincebeforethewar.(before=atimebe-fore)
Iwriteuptoaboutmidnight.(about=atimeabout)
Hereadtillintothenight.
HedidnotseehertillaboutlastSunday.
Iworkedtillafterfour.
Theyhavestayedforabovetendays.
Thestormcontinuedfrombeforesunrisetillaftermid-night.
Hehadarrivedbysoonafterten(两个介词之间夹入一个副词)
Iboughtitatovertendollars.(over=apriceover)
Icansellitforunderyourprice.
Idroveatfrom30to40milesanhour.(from…to=adistancefrom…to)
Idroveatbetween30and40milesanhour.(between…and=adistancebetween…and)
Thisjobisdonebyfrom40to50men.
1234 9.That引起的从句:
Iknownothingexceptthat(orsavethat)hestoodatthespotwherethemurderwascommitted.
Mandiffersfromotheranimalsinthatmancanlaughandspeak.
Heisnotcontentnotwithstandingthat(=although)heisrich.
IwouldstudyabroadbutthatIampoor.
Iwouldhavebeenapoliticianbutthatmyfatherforbademeto.
(除了在except,in,save,but,notwithstanding之后,介词后一概不能用that引起的从句作宾语。
)
1235 10.疑问词引起的从句:
Theyweredisputingaboutwheretheyshouldgo.
Hedoesnotcareaboutwhowillbethepresident.
Hewantstobeinformedofwhichcollegeisthebestforhim.
Hissuccessdependsonwhetherhewillworkhard.
Haveyouanyideaastowhenthewarwillend?
(疑问词前的介词有时可以省略)
1236 11.名词(代词)+形容词(或相当于形容词的东西):
这种宾语通常跟在介词with后,表示伴随的情况:
Helayonthefloorwithhisfeetice-cold(形容词)(withhisfeetice-cold=hisfeetbeingice-cold)
Heisawayfromhomewithheralone(=shebeingalone).
Withthesunup(地点副词),thebirdstwitterednoisily.
Shewenttothemarketwithherchildbehind.
Hewanderedaboutwithoutacentinhispocket(介词短语).
Withhiswifeoutoftemper,hecan'tstayathome.
Hewenttothepartywithhisshoesshiningandcreaking(现在分词).
Therevolutionbrokeoutwithmillionsofpeoplescreamingandshouting.
Hecamewithagift(whichwas)beautifullypacked(过去分词).
Thepolicereturnedwithathiefboundupinrope.
Theysatfacetofacewithoutawordsaid.
Hereturnedhomewithalotofproblemstosettle(不定式).
Hewanderedoverthevillagewithadog(whichwas)thesize(=ofthesize)ofacalf.
HestudiesMalaywithMaryhisonlyclassmate(同位语).
这种宾语间或可用在其他介词后面:
“After”allsaidanddone(过去分词),thisseemsthebestone.
Haveyoueverheard“of”anuprightmanabandonedbyhisfriend?
Theycelebratedthatday“for”thefreedomregained.
“Inspiteof”somuchtimeandmoneyspent,here-mainsabachelor.
Hissuccessdepends“on”him(orhis)working(现在分词)hard.
Thefact“of”John(orJohn's)marryingawomanofpleasureshockedhisfamily.
Hissuccessdepends“upon”themethodtouse(=whichhewilluse)(不定式).
B.副词与介词的差别
1237 许多介词可以用作地点副词,不过有时不易看出它们是否用作副词。
根本差别是,介词总跟有宾语,而副词后从不跟有宾语。
不过,必须指出,如此副词,往往就是省略了宾语的介词。
(省略是因为从上下文可猜出宾语是什么):
带介词的句子 带副词的句子
Childrenmustkeep(不及 Childrenmustkeepoff.
物动词)offthis (在读者或听话人可以清楚
dangerousplace. 离开什么地方时才这样
说)
Iwentbeforethem. Iwentbefore.
Hestoodbetweenus. Hestoodbetween.
Johnwanderedabout Johnwanderedabout.
thestreets.
Theanimalsliveinside Theanimalsliveinside.
thecave.
Hewentupthemountain. Hewentup.
Hedashedintothehouse. Hedashedin(不是into).
Wewereleftbehindthe Wewereleftbehind.rest.
Itook(及物动词)thelugga- Itooktheluggagein
geintothehouse. (不是into).
Hesailedhisboatacross Hesailedhisboatacross.
theriver.
Throwitoutsidethehouse. Throwitoutside.
Don'tdragthecatupthe Don'tdragthecatup.staircase.
Theoldman(名词)across Theoldmanacrossismy
thestreetismyuncle. uncle.
Somepeoplebehindthe Somepeoplebehind
scenesupporthim. supporthim.
Thebeautifulprospect Thebeautifulprospect
beforeusisencouraging. beforeisencouraging.
但地点副词除了表示地点,还可表示其他东西,这时就不能认为是把介词宾语省略:
Howdiditcomeabout(=happen)?
Theplanfellthrough(=failed).
Themachinebrokedown.
Howareyougettingalong?
Wehavegivenup.
Hehasgrownup.
Holdon!
1238 此外我们还应把“及物动词+地点副词”这种动词短语(如:
Hekeptdownhistemper.和Heleftbehindhisclothesandhat.中的斜体词)和“不及物动词+介词”这种动词短语(如:
Hewalkeddownthemountain.和Hewaitedbe-hindotherpassengers.中的斜体词)加以区别。
这种短语是较难区别的,因为它们都跟有宾语。
一般说来,如果这样的动词短语包含1)一个通常用作及物动词的动词,或是2)一个通常用作副词的词,或3)有一个紧跟在动词后的名词或代词,这个短语就是“及物动词+副词”型的动词短语:
及物动词+地点副词
1)Hecastdowntheweddingring.(cast通常用作及物动词)
Hecarriedonthebusiness.
Wecutofftheirretreat.
Iputonmyblueshirt.
Don'tgiveupyourplan.
Wehandoverthethieftothepolice.
Icanlaydownmyburdennow.
Hemade(ordelivered)overhispropertytohisson.
Iwilltake(orset,put)downwhatyousay.
Hefilledupaform.
Helockedinhisnaughtychildren.
Hedrewuphiswill.
Herubbedinsomeoil.
Hebound(orstored,tore)upthedocument.
Therevolutionbroughtaboutagreatchange.
有些不及物动词间或可用作及物动词:
Theyhisseddownthespeaker.
Theyshouteddowntheperformer
Wemustthinkoverthismatter.
Wehavedtalkedoverthisproblem.
Iwalkedoffmyheadache.
Heblewoffthecandle.
Welaugheddownthosewhoopposedus.
2)Heboreawaythepalm.(away通常用作副词)
Hebeatbackhisenemy.
Hebroughtforwardhisproposal.
Hecastouttheuninvitedguest.
HedrewasideJohnandMary.
Hecollectedtogetherallheneeded.
3)IwillseeJohnoff.(名词John紧跟在动词后面)
Hecalledhissecretaryin.
Hehelpedherup.
Ourforefathershandedthetraditionsdowntous.
Pointtheverbout.
Putyourshoesoffbeforeenteringthetemple.
Iputmyglasseson.
Iwillsendthegoodsofftomorrow.
Ishalltakethepropertyover.
Takeyourhatoff.
Let'stalktheplanover.
Ican'tputawordin.
1239 如果一个动词短语包含4)一个通常用作不及物动词的动词或5)一个通常用作介词的词,这种短语就是“不及物动词+介词”型的动词短语:
不及物动词+介词
4)Hecameacrossavaluablecurio.(came通常用作不及物动词)
Theyclingtotheirleader.
Iconversedwithsomefriends.
HecrowedoverJohn.
Hecriedforcoffee.
Theydifferinopinion.
Hehasrunintotroubleinhisjob.
Hewentaboutthecity.
TheaccidenthappenedtoJohn.
Ihopeforpeace.
5)Lookatthethingyoudid.(at通常用作介词)
Ilistenedtohim.
Hekeptfromgambling.
Icannotjudgeofhim.
ItalkedwithJohn.
Westroveforindependence.
Hespokeagainstme.
Hefellamongthieves.
1240 如果一个动词短语中的动词可以是及物动词,也可以是不及物动词,后面的词可以是介词,也可以是副词,我们可以用下面的方法来决定它属于哪种类型。
以Thecardasheddownthemountain为例。
如果down是介词,就是“车往山下冲”,如果它是副词,就是“把山冲倒”,显然是“车往山下冲”,因此它是介词,这个动词短语是“不及物动词+介词”。
再看另一句Wecan'tgetunderthefire.如果under是介词,就是“到达火下面”,如果是副词,则表示“把火控制住”(=getthefireundercontrol)。
显然这里under是作副词,这个动词短语属“及物动词+副词”型。
1241 如果动词短语是“及物动词+副词”,在宾语长时,必须把宾语放在副词后面:
Hegaveuptheplanwhichhehadworkedonformanyyears.
Theyhisseddownthespeaker,managerofAsiaCompany.
Howcanhekeepunderawomanwhohasbeentoleratedformanyyears?
如果宾语很短,它可以放在副词之后,也可放在副词之前:
Hegaveuphisplan.Hegavehisplanup.
Theyhisseddownthespeaker.Theyhissedthespeakerdown.
Hecan'tkeepunderhiswife.Hecan'tkeephiswifeunder.
如果宾语是一个人称代词,则必须把它放在副词前面:
Hegaveitup.(而不是Hegaveupit.)
Theyhissedhimdown.
Hecan'tkeepherunder.
但如果这个短语是“不及物动词+介词”,则必须把宾语放在介词后面(除去下章提到的一些特殊情况):
Hewentaboutthestreet.(Right)
Hewentthestreetabout.(Wrong)
Hesailedalongtheriver.(Right)
Hesailedtheriveralong.(Wrong)
Hefellamongthieves.(Right)
Hefellthievesamong.(Wrong)
C.介词的位置
1242 从上面所有例句中可以看出,介词通常放在它的宾语的前面。
Heisgoingtoschool.
Heisinterestedinplayingmusic.
在下述情况下,特别是在口语中,它可放在它的宾语的后面:
1.宾语在说话人脑中占有最重要地位:
Yourbrazenface,Iwillneverlookata