英语语法大全9.docx

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英语语法大全9

A.介词的宾语

 

1225 介词后面一般紧跟宾语。

这种定语是名词或相当于名词的东西。

一共有11种关型。

1226 1.名词:

Iliveinasmallhouse.

Wearewalkingalongthestreet.

Iwillansweryouconcerningyourrequest.

1227 2.代词:

Ispoketothem.

Heisinterestedinit.

Hewrotetomeconcerninghimself.

1228 3.动名词:

Hespenttheafternooninswimming.

HelearnsEnglishbyreadingEnglishpapers.

Heinsistedongoingbacktothehotel.

1229 4.不定式:

Hedidnothingbut(orexcept)(to)sleep.

Everythingisallowedexcepttodisturbothers.

Whatdoeshedosave(to)talknonsense?

Iwouldsoonerdiethan(to)yield.

Iknowbetterthantoarguewithsucharascal.(Iwillnotargue.)

Icoulddonootherwisethan(to)laugh.(Icouldnotbutlaush.)

(不定式一般不能用作介词的宾语,只有在save,but,ex-cept和than后可以。

在这样用时to常常省略。

1230 5.疑问词+不定式:

Theproblemofwhattodoisdifficulttosettle.

 Thatdependsonwhichmethodtouse.

Wehaveinformedhimofwhentosendthemerchandise.

Haveyoureceivedmyletterregardinghowtosendthemoney?

(在任何适当介词后这种结构都可使用)

1231 6.表示时间或地点的副词:

Weallhavetrustedhimtillnow(ortillrecently).

 Hehasbeenillsincethen.

Hehasneverseenanyonesincethreeyearsago.

I'llloveyouforever.

Ishallhavefinisheditbytomorrow.

Weshallmeetagainbeforelong.

Hecamefromafar.

Hehasjustreturnedfromabroad.

Newtroublesarosefromwithin(orfromhere,fromallaround,fromhardby,frombelow,fromelse-where).

比较:

Hestoodinhere(oroutthere).(这里in和out是副词,不是介词。

(能以副词作宾语的介词为数不多)

1232 7.形容词:

Inshort,Ihaveexplainedeverything.

Atfirst,hefailed;butatlast,hesucceeded.

Hehasatleastathousandfriends.

Ihaveadvisedhiminpublicandinprivate.Hewasilloflate.

(只在少数成语中可在介词后用形容词)

1233 8.介词短语:

Hecamefromacrosstheriver.(across=aplaceacross)

Hereturnedfrombeyondthesea.(beyond=aplacebeyond)

Hewasshotfrombehindthehedge.

Hestoletobehindtheenemy.

Theenemysuddenlyappearedfromjustbelowourfeet.

(两个介词之间夹入一个副词)

Hehasbeenillsincebeforethewar.(before=atimebe-fore)

Iwriteuptoaboutmidnight.(about=atimeabout)

Hereadtillintothenight.

HedidnotseehertillaboutlastSunday.

Iworkedtillafterfour.

Theyhavestayedforabovetendays.

Thestormcontinuedfrombeforesunrisetillaftermid-night.

Hehadarrivedbysoonafterten(两个介词之间夹入一个副词)

Iboughtitatovertendollars.(over=apriceover)

Icansellitforunderyourprice.

Idroveatfrom30to40milesanhour.(from…to=adistancefrom…to)

Idroveatbetween30and40milesanhour.(between…and=adistancebetween…and)

Thisjobisdonebyfrom40to50men.

1234 9.That引起的从句:

Iknownothingexceptthat(orsavethat)hestoodatthespotwherethemurderwascommitted.

Mandiffersfromotheranimalsinthatmancanlaughandspeak.

Heisnotcontentnotwithstandingthat(=although)heisrich.

IwouldstudyabroadbutthatIampoor.

Iwouldhavebeenapoliticianbutthatmyfatherforbademeto.

(除了在except,in,save,but,notwithstanding之后,介词后一概不能用that引起的从句作宾语。

1235 10.疑问词引起的从句:

Theyweredisputingaboutwheretheyshouldgo.

Hedoesnotcareaboutwhowillbethepresident.

Hewantstobeinformedofwhichcollegeisthebestforhim.

Hissuccessdependsonwhetherhewillworkhard.

Haveyouanyideaastowhenthewarwillend?

(疑问词前的介词有时可以省略)

1236 11.名词(代词)+形容词(或相当于形容词的东西):

这种宾语通常跟在介词with后,表示伴随的情况:

Helayonthefloorwithhisfeetice-cold(形容词)(withhisfeetice-cold=hisfeetbeingice-cold)

Heisawayfromhomewithheralone(=shebeingalone).

Withthesunup(地点副词),thebirdstwitterednoisily.

Shewenttothemarketwithherchildbehind.

Hewanderedaboutwithoutacentinhispocket(介词短语).

Withhiswifeoutoftemper,hecan'tstayathome.

Hewenttothepartywithhisshoesshiningandcreaking(现在分词).

Therevolutionbrokeoutwithmillionsofpeoplescreamingandshouting.

Hecamewithagift(whichwas)beautifullypacked(过去分词).

Thepolicereturnedwithathiefboundupinrope.

Theysatfacetofacewithoutawordsaid.

Hereturnedhomewithalotofproblemstosettle(不定式).

Hewanderedoverthevillagewithadog(whichwas)thesize(=ofthesize)ofacalf.

HestudiesMalaywithMaryhisonlyclassmate(同位语).

这种宾语间或可用在其他介词后面:

“After”allsaidanddone(过去分词),thisseemsthebestone.

Haveyoueverheard“of”anuprightmanabandonedbyhisfriend?

Theycelebratedthatday“for”thefreedomregained.

“Inspiteof”somuchtimeandmoneyspent,here-mainsabachelor.

Hissuccessdepends“on”him(orhis)working(现在分词)hard.

Thefact“of”John(orJohn's)marryingawomanofpleasureshockedhisfamily.

Hissuccessdepends“upon”themethodtouse(=whichhewilluse)(不定式).

B.副词与介词的差别

 

1237 许多介词可以用作地点副词,不过有时不易看出它们是否用作副词。

根本差别是,介词总跟有宾语,而副词后从不跟有宾语。

不过,必须指出,如此副词,往往就是省略了宾语的介词。

(省略是因为从上下文可猜出宾语是什么):

带介词的句子                               带副词的句子

Childrenmustkeep(不及              Childrenmustkeepoff.

物动词)offthis                            (在读者或听话人可以清楚

dangerousplace.                          离开什么地方时才这样

                                                    说)

Iwentbeforethem.                     Iwentbefore.

Hestoodbetweenus.                   Hestoodbetween.

Johnwanderedabout                      Johnwanderedabout.

thestreets.

Theanimalsliveinside                    Theanimalsliveinside.

thecave.

Hewentupthemountain.             Hewentup.

Hedashedintothehouse.             Hedashedin(不是into).

Wewereleftbehindthe                   Wewereleftbehind.rest.

Itook(及物动词)thelugga-         Itooktheluggagein

geintothehouse.                         (不是into).

Hesailedhisboatacross                 Hesailedhisboatacross.

theriver.

Throwitoutsidethehouse.           Throwitoutside.

Don'tdragthecatupthe                 Don'tdragthecatup.staircase.

Theoldman(名词)across           Theoldmanacrossismy

thestreetismyuncle.                  uncle.

Somepeoplebehindthe                   Somepeoplebehind

scenesupporthim.                       supporthim.

Thebeautifulprospect                    Thebeautifulprospect

beforeusisencouraging.              beforeisencouraging.

但地点副词除了表示地点,还可表示其他东西,这时就不能认为是把介词宾语省略:

Howdiditcomeabout(=happen)?

Theplanfellthrough(=failed).

Themachinebrokedown.

Howareyougettingalong?

Wehavegivenup.

Hehasgrownup.

Holdon!

1238 此外我们还应把“及物动词+地点副词”这种动词短语(如:

Hekeptdownhistemper.和Heleftbehindhisclothesandhat.中的斜体词)和“不及物动词+介词”这种动词短语(如:

Hewalkeddownthemountain.和Hewaitedbe-hindotherpassengers.中的斜体词)加以区别。

这种短语是较难区别的,因为它们都跟有宾语。

一般说来,如果这样的动词短语包含1)一个通常用作及物动词的动词,或是2)一个通常用作副词的词,或3)有一个紧跟在动词后的名词或代词,这个短语就是“及物动词+副词”型的动词短语:

 

及物动词+地点副词

 

1)Hecastdowntheweddingring.(cast通常用作及物动词)

Hecarriedonthebusiness.

Wecutofftheirretreat.

Iputonmyblueshirt.

Don'tgiveupyourplan.

Wehandoverthethieftothepolice.

Icanlaydownmyburdennow.

Hemade(ordelivered)overhispropertytohisson.

Iwilltake(orset,put)downwhatyousay.

Hefilledupaform.

Helockedinhisnaughtychildren.

Hedrewuphiswill.

Herubbedinsomeoil.

Hebound(orstored,tore)upthedocument.

Therevolutionbroughtaboutagreatchange.

有些不及物动词间或可用作及物动词:

Theyhisseddownthespeaker.

Theyshouteddowntheperformer

Wemustthinkoverthismatter.

Wehavedtalkedoverthisproblem.

Iwalkedoffmyheadache.

Heblewoffthecandle.

Welaugheddownthosewhoopposedus.

2)Heboreawaythepalm.(away通常用作副词)

Hebeatbackhisenemy.

Hebroughtforwardhisproposal.

Hecastouttheuninvitedguest.

HedrewasideJohnandMary.

Hecollectedtogetherallheneeded.

3)IwillseeJohnoff.(名词John紧跟在动词后面)

Hecalledhissecretaryin.

Hehelpedherup.

Ourforefathershandedthetraditionsdowntous.

Pointtheverbout.

Putyourshoesoffbeforeenteringthetemple.

Iputmyglasseson.

Iwillsendthegoodsofftomorrow.

Ishalltakethepropertyover.

Takeyourhatoff.

Let'stalktheplanover.

Ican'tputawordin.

1239 如果一个动词短语包含4)一个通常用作不及物动词的动词或5)一个通常用作介词的词,这种短语就是“不及物动词+介词”型的动词短语:

不及物动词+介词

 

4)Hecameacrossavaluablecurio.(came通常用作不及物动词)

Theyclingtotheirleader.

Iconversedwithsomefriends.

HecrowedoverJohn.

Hecriedforcoffee.

Theydifferinopinion.

Hehasrunintotroubleinhisjob.

Hewentaboutthecity.

TheaccidenthappenedtoJohn.

Ihopeforpeace.

5)Lookatthethingyoudid.(at通常用作介词)

Ilistenedtohim.

Hekeptfromgambling.

Icannotjudgeofhim.

ItalkedwithJohn.

Westroveforindependence.

Hespokeagainstme.

Hefellamongthieves.

1240 如果一个动词短语中的动词可以是及物动词,也可以是不及物动词,后面的词可以是介词,也可以是副词,我们可以用下面的方法来决定它属于哪种类型。

以Thecardasheddownthemountain为例。

如果down是介词,就是“车往山下冲”,如果它是副词,就是“把山冲倒”,显然是“车往山下冲”,因此它是介词,这个动词短语是“不及物动词+介词”。

再看另一句Wecan'tgetunderthefire.如果under是介词,就是“到达火下面”,如果是副词,则表示“把火控制住”(=getthefireundercontrol)。

显然这里under是作副词,这个动词短语属“及物动词+副词”型。

1241 如果动词短语是“及物动词+副词”,在宾语长时,必须把宾语放在副词后面:

Hegaveuptheplanwhichhehadworkedonformanyyears.

Theyhisseddownthespeaker,managerofAsiaCompany.

Howcanhekeepunderawomanwhohasbeentoleratedformanyyears?

如果宾语很短,它可以放在副词之后,也可放在副词之前:

Hegaveuphisplan.Hegavehisplanup.

Theyhisseddownthespeaker.Theyhissedthespeakerdown.

Hecan'tkeepunderhiswife.Hecan'tkeephiswifeunder.

如果宾语是一个人称代词,则必须把它放在副词前面:

Hegaveitup.(而不是Hegaveupit.)

Theyhissedhimdown.

Hecan'tkeepherunder.

但如果这个短语是“不及物动词+介词”,则必须把宾语放在介词后面(除去下章提到的一些特殊情况):

Hewentaboutthestreet.(Right)

Hewentthestreetabout.(Wrong)

Hesailedalongtheriver.(Right)

Hesailedtheriveralong.(Wrong)

Hefellamongthieves.(Right)

Hefellthievesamong.(Wrong)

C.介词的位置

 

1242 从上面所有例句中可以看出,介词通常放在它的宾语的前面。

Heisgoingtoschool.

Heisinterestedinplayingmusic.

在下述情况下,特别是在口语中,它可放在它的宾语的后面:

1.宾语在说话人脑中占有最重要地位:

Yourbrazenface,Iwillneverlookata

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