大学英语四级分类模拟题372.docx

大学英语四级分类模拟题372.docx

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大学英语四级分类模拟题372

大学英语四级分类模拟题372

ReadingComprehension

SectionA

  Asifyouneededanotherreasontohateyouralarmclock.Anewstudysuggeststhat,bydisrupting（扰乱）yourbody's 1 rhythms,yourbuzzing,blaringfriendcouldbemakingyouoverweight.

  Thestudyconcernsaphenomenoncalled"socialjetlag（社交时差）".That'sthe 2 towhichournaturalsleeppatternsarenotconsistentwithourschoolorworkschedules.Taketheweekends:

manyofuswakeuphourslaterthanwedoduringtheweek,onlyto 3 ourearlyschedulescomingMondaymorning.It'senoughtomakeyourbodyfeellikeit's 4 theweekendinonetimezoneandtheweekinanother.

  Butissocialjetlag 5 badforyourhealth?

Toinvestigate,TillRoennebergandhiscolleaguescollecteddatafromtensofthousandsof 6 toanInternetsurveyonsleeppatternsandotherbehaviors.Someclueshavebeenyieldedfrom 7 workwithsuchdata."Wehaveshownthatifyouliveagainstyourbodyclock,you'remorelikelytosmoke,todrinkalcohol,anddrinkfarmorecoffee,"saysRoenneberg.

  Inthenewstudy,theteammeasuredthesocialjetlagofpeopleaged16to65by 8 thedifferencesbetweensleeptimesonworkdaysandnon-workdays.Theythenconstructedamathematicalmodelthatgauged（衡量）howwell 9 factors,suchasage,gender,sleepduration,andsocialjetlagcouldpredictbodyweight.Theyfoundthatthefirstthreefactorswereimportant 10 ofbodyweightforallpeople.Inaddition,forpeoplewhoarealreadyontheheavyside,greatersocialjetlagcorrespondedtogreaterbodyweight.

  A.actually           F.extent            K.previous

  B.advocating          G.finally           L.responses

  C.biological          H.issues            M.resume

  D.calculating          I.normal            N.spending

  E.distant            J.predictors          O.survey

SectionB

Google'sGoogleProblem

  A.GoogleiskillingGoogleReader.UseofGoogleReader,atool,bytheway,forreadingonlinecontentviaRSSwasconcentratedamongasmallgroupofrelativelyintenseusers.Asithappens,thatsmallgroupincludesquitealotofpeoplewhowritefororaspartoftheirliving.AndsoGoogleReaderhasbeenmournedover,angrilyattimes,abitmorethanthemanyotherGoogleservicesthathavecomeandgone.

  B.Itisn'tthathardtoimaginewhatGooglewasthinkingwhenitmadethisdecision.It'sabigcompany,butevenbigcompanieshavefiniteresources,anddevotingthosepreciousresourcestosomethingthatisn'tmakingmoneyandisn'tjudgedtohavemuchinthewayofdevelopmentpotentialisnotanattractiveoption.DroppingReaderisn'tgoingtohurtthecompany'sbusiness.

  C.Yetthislittlecontretemps（令人尴尬的事）maysuggestbiggertroubleaheadforGoogleandbigchangesfortheInternet.Oneimmediateeffectisrelativelyeasytoanticipate.JohnHemptonmakesanicepointhere:

Googleisintheprocessofabandoningitsmission.Google'sstatedmissionistoorganizealltheworld'sinformationandmakeituniversallyaccessibleanduseful.Googlenolongercares.Itseemswhattheycareaboutismass-markets.

  D.Googlehasaskedustobuildourlivesaroundit:

touseitse-mailsystem,itssearchengines,itsmaps,itscalendars,itscloud-basedappsandstorageservices,itsvideo-andphoto-hostingservices,andonandonandon.Googlewantsustouseitsservicesinwaysthatprovideitwithinterestingandvaluableinformation,andeyeballs.IfaparticularGoogleexperimentisn'tcuttingitinthatcategory,thenGooglemayfeeljustifiedinaxingit.

  E.ButthatmakesitincreasinglydifficultforGoogletohavesuccesswithnewservices.Whycommittousingandcomingtorelyonsomethingnewifitmightbepulledawayatsomefuturedate?

Thisisespeciallyproblematicfor"social"appsthatrelyonnetworkeffects.Evenabadsocialservicemaythriveifitobtainsacriticalmass.Yankingawayservicesbelovedbyearlyadoptersalmostguaranteesthatcriticalmassescan'tbeobtained:

not,atanyrate,withouttheprovisionofanincentiveorcommitmentmechanismtoprotectthewould-beusersfromtheriskoflosingavitalservice.

  F.Theremaybebiggerimplicationsstill,however.AsIsaid,Googlehasaskedustobuildourlivesaroundit,andwehaveresponded.Thisresponseentails（需要）apowerfulself-reinforcementmechanism:

BothprovidersandusersofinformationandotherserviceschangetheirbehaviorasaresultoftheavailabilityofaGoogleproduct.YoucanseethisonasmallscalewithReader.Peopledesigntheirwebsitesandcontentbasedontheassumptionthatothers,viaanRSSreader,willcomeacrossandreadthatcontentinacertainway.Andreadersstructuretheirreadinghabits,andultimatelytheirmentalmodelsofwhatinformationisavailableandwhere,basedontheexistenceofthistool.Ifyouthenpullawaytheproductattheheartofthatsystem,youendupcausingsignificantdisruption（混乱）,assumingtherearen'tgoodalternativesavailable.

  G.Theissuebecomesabitmoreobviouswhenyouthinkaboutsomethinglikesearch.ManyofusnowoperateundertheassumptionthatifwewanttofindsomethingwewillbeabletodosoquicklyandeasilyviaGooglesearch.IfIwantanideaforauniquegiftforsomeone,IcanputinrelatedsearchtermsandfeelprettyconfidentthatI'llgetbackstorewebsitesandblogsandPinterestpagesandnewspaperstoriesandpicturesallprovidingpossiblematches.

  H.IfI'maresearcher,Iknow1canquicklyfindrelevantacademicpapers,data,newspaperaccounts,expertanalysis,andwhoknowswhatelserelatedtoanenormousrangeoftopics.Onceweallbecomecomfortablewiththatstateofaffairswequicklybeginoptimizing（优化）thephysicalanddigitalresourcesaroundus.Andonceweallbecomecomfortablewiththat,webeginrearrangingourmentalarchitecture.Westopmemorisingkeydatapointsandstartlearninghowtoasktherightquestions.Webegintothinkdifferently.Westopkeepingamentalmodelofthephysicalgeographyoftheworldaroundus,becausewhybother?

Wecancallupanincrediblydetailedandaccuratemapoftheworld,completewithsatelliteandstreet-levelimages,wheneverwewant.Thebottomlineisthatthemoreweallparticipateinthisworld,themorewecometodependonit.

  I.WhatGooglehasactuallydoneiscreateapowerfulinfrastructure（基础设）.Theshapeofthatinfrastructureinfluenceseverythingthatgoesonline.Anditinfluencestheallocationofmentalresourcesofeveryonewhointeractswiththeonlineworld.Butthereisn'tmuchtotherealhumanworldthatisn'tshapedbythementalactivityofthepeopleinit!

That'salotofpowertoputinthehandsofacompanythatnowseemsinterested,mostly,inidentifyingcoremass-marketservicesitcanusetomaximizeitsreturnoninvestment.Nowintheshortrun,thatmaymostlybeaproblemforallofus.Totheextentthatwebecomeworriedaboutthisphenomenon,wemaygooutandfindback-upservicesorotheralternatives.Thiswillbelessconvenientandmorecostly,intermsoftimeandmoney,butthosesufficientlyforesighted（预见的）mightfeelit'sabetteroptionthanopeningupgmailoneclaytoreadthatthee-mailservice,andthe10-year'sworthofcommunicationitholds,willsoonbegone.

  J.Butinthelongrunthat'saproblemforGoogle.Becausewetendnottoentrust（委托）thissortofcriticalpublicinfrastructuretotheprivatesector.Networkexternalitiesareallfineandgoodtoignoresolongastheymainlyapplytothesharingofnewsandpicturesfromaweekendtripwithcollegefriends.Oncetheyconcernlargeamountofeconomicoutputandthecognitiveactivityofmillionsofpeople,itisdifficulttokeepthegovernmentout.MaybethatobstaclewillbesufficienttokeepGoogleprovidingitsmostheavilyusedproducts.Butmaybenot.

  K.Ifindmyselfthinkingagainofthebravenewworldoftheindustrialcity.whennewpatternsofinteractionledtoenormouschangesineconomicactivity,incultureandpersonalbehavior,andinthewaywethink.Weupgradedourselves,intermsofeducationandsocialnorms,tomaximizethereturntourbanlife.Ithinkwe,meaningusersofthewebandthecompaniesthatprovideitsbloodandbones,arconlybeginningtodealwiththeimplicationsofaworldawash（充斥的）ininformation.

11、Oncewebecomecomfortablewithoptimizingthephysicalanddigitalresourcesaroundus,wewillstartrearrangingourmentalarchitecture.

12、Abadsocialservicemaybecomesuccessfulprovidedthatitgetsacriticalmass.

13、Inthelongterm,peoplearenotinclinedtoputcriticalpublicinfrastructureintothehandsoftheprivatesectorlikeGoogle.

14、GoogledecidedtoshutclownGoogleReaderbecauseitwasnotprofitableorpromising.

15、EverythingontheInternetcanbeinfluencedbythepowerfulinfrastructurecreatedbyGoogle.

16、TheavailabilityofaGoogleproductchangesthebehavioroftheprovidersandusersofinformationandotherservices.

17、AccordingtoJohnHempton,nowGoogleseemstobemoreconcernedwithmass-marketsthanitsstatedmission.

18、Nowadays,manyofusassumethatifwewouldliketosearchforsomethingquicklyandeasily,wecanGoogleit.

19、Thebigchangesineconomicactivity,culture,individualbehaviorandthinkingmoderesultedfromnewpatternsofinteraction.

20、Ifaservicecannotofferinterestingandvaluableinformationandeyeballs,Googlewillthinkitrighttocloseitdown.

SectionC

PassageOne

Ifyouaretryingtodoyourbitforsustainabilityandsavcwaterbytakingshortersho