读写3级7单网络挂件 WJ制作YYJ审改.docx

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读写3级7单网络挂件WJ制作YYJ审改

英语读写（3）第七单元

语言文化知识部分（文件名：

B3RW-01）

I.InformationRelatedtotheText

1.ThomasEdison

AmericanInventor,1847-1931

ThomasAlvaEdisonwasbornonFebruary11,1847inMilan,Ohio.Withonlythreemonthsofformaleducationhebecameoneofthegreatestinventorsandindustrialleadersinhistory.Edisonobtained1,093UnitedStatespatents,themostissuedtoanyindividual.

Edison'sgreatestcontributionwasthefirstpracticalelectriclighting.Henotonlyinventedthefirstsuccessfulelectriclightbulb,butalsosetupthefirstelectricalpowerdistributioncompany.Edisoninventedthephonograph,andmadeimprovementstothetelegraph,telephoneandmotionpicturetechnology.Healsofoundedthefirstmodernresearchlaboratory.

Edisonwasalsoagoodbusinessman.Henotonlydesignedimportantnewdevices,hecreatedcompaniesworldwideforthemanufactureandsaleofhisinventions.Alongwithothermanufacturingpioneersofhisera,EdisonhelpedmaketheUnitedStatesaworldindustrialpower.HeandHenryFordbecamefriendsafterEdisonencouragedFordtousethegasolinepoweredenginefortheautomobile.

Edisonwasalsoaruthlessbusinessmanwhofoughtviciouslytodefeathiscompetitors.OneofthemostnotoriousexamplesofhiscompetitivevigorwasthelengthshewenttodiscreditNicolaTesla'sAlternatingCurrentsystem,whichisthesystemofelectricaldistributioninusetoday.

Edisonhadgreatfaithinprogressandindustry,andvaluedlong,hardwork.Heusedtosay,“Geniuswas1percentinspirationand99percentperspiration.”Edisonbelievedthatinventingusefulproductsofferedeveryonetheopportunityforfameandfortunewhilebenefitingsociety.

2.AlexanderGrahamBell

BELL,AlexanderGraham,physicist,borninEdinburgh,Scotland,3March1847.HeisasonofAlexanderMelvilleBell,mentionedbelow,andwaseducatedattheEdinburghhighschoolandEdinburghUniversity,receivingspecialtraininginhisfather'ssystemforremovingimpedimentsinspeech.HeremovedtoLondonin1867,andenteredtheUniversitythere,butleftonaccountofhishealth,andwenttoCanadawithhisfatherin1870.In1872hetookuphisresidenceintheUnitedStates,introducingwithsuccesshisfather'ssystemofdeaf-muteinstruction,andbecameprofessorofvocalphysiologyinBostonUniversity.Hehadbeeninterestedformanyyearsinthetransmissionofsoundbyelectricity,andhaddevisedmanyformsofapparatusforthepurpose,butthefirstpublicexhibitionofhisinventionwasatPhiladelphiain1876.Itscompletesuccesshasmadehimwealthy.Hisinventionofthe"photophone,"inwhichavibratorybeamoflightissubstitutedforawireinconveyingspeech,hasalsoattractedmuchattention,buthasneverbeenpracticallyused.ItwasfirstdescribedbyhimbeforetheAmericanassociationfortheadvancementofscienceinBoston,27August1880.

AftertheshootingofPresidentGarfield,ProfessorBell,togetherwithSumnerTainter,experimentedwithanimprovedformofHughes'sinductionbalance,andendeavoredtofindtheexactlocationoftheball,butfailed.ProfessorBellhasputforththetheorythatthepresentsystemofeducatingdeaf-mutesiswrong,asittendstorestrictthemtooneanother'ssociety,sothatmarriagesbetweenthedeafarecommon,andthereforethenumberofdeaf-mutechildrenbornisontheincrease.Hislatestexperimentsrelatetotherecordingofspeechbymeansofphotographingthevibrationsofajetofwater.Heisamemberofvariouslearnedsocieties,andhaspublishedmanyscientificpapers.HehaslivedforsometimeinWashington,DistrictofColumbia.

3.HarvardUniversity

HarvardUniversity（incorporatedasThePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollege）isaprivateuniversityinCambridge,Massachusetts,U.S.,andamemberoftheIvyLeague.Foundedin1636bythecolonialMassachusettslegislature,HarvardistheoldestinstitutionofhigherlearningintheUnitedStates.ItisalsothefirstandoldestcorporationinNorthAmerica.

Initiallycalled"NewCollege"or"thecollegeatNewTowne",theinstitutionwasnamedHarvardCollegeonMarch13,1639,afterayoungclergymannamedJohnHarvard—agraduateofEngland'sEmmanuelCollege,Cambridge（acollegeoftheUniversityofCambridge）andSt.Olave'sGrammarSchool,OrpingtonintheUnitedKingdom—whobequeathedtheCollegehislibraryoffourhundredbooksand£779（whichwashalfofhisestate）.TheearliestknownofficialreferencetoHarvardasa"university"occursinthenewMassachusettsConstitutionof1780.

Duringhis40-yeartenureasHarvardpresident（1869–1909）,CharlesWilliamEliotradicallytransformedHarvardintothepatternofthemodernresearchuniversity.Eliot'sreformsincludedelectivecourses,smallclasses,andentranceexaminations.TheHarvardmodelinfluencedAmericaneducationnationally,atbothcollegeandsecondarylevels.Eliotalsowasresponsibleforpublicationofthenow-famous"HarvardClassics",acollectionof"greatbooks"frommultipledisciplinespublishedbyP.F.CollierandSonsbeginningin1909thatofferedacollegeeducation"infifteenminutesadayofreading";thecollectionsoonbecameknownas"Dr.Eliot'sFive-FootShelf".Duringhisunprecedentedlyinfluentialpresidency,Eliot,aprolificbookandmagazinewriterandwidelytraveledspeakerinthepre-radioage,becamesowidelyrecognizedapublicfigurethatbyhisdeathin1926hisname（and,notcoincidentally,Harvard's）hadbecomesynonymouswiththeuniversalaspirationsofAmericanhighereducation.

In1999,RadcliffeCollege,foundedin1879asthe"HarvardAnnexforWomen",mergedformallywithHarvardUniversity,becomingtheRadcliffeInstituteforAdvancedStudy.

Harvard'slibrarycollectioncontainsmorethan15millionvolumes,makingitthelargestacademiclibraryintheUnitedStates,andthefourthamongthefive"mega-libraries"oftheworld（aftertheLibraryofCongress,theBritishLibrary,andtheFrenchBibliothèquenationale,butaheadoftheNewYorkPublicLibrary）.Harvardisconsistentlyrankednumberoneininternationalcollegeanduniversityrankings,andhasthelargestfinancialendowmentofanynon-profitorganizationexceptfortheBill&MelindaGatesFoundation,standingat$38.7billionasof2008.

1.IBM

IBMLogos

InternationalBusinessMachinesCorporation,abbreviatedIBMandnicknamed"BigBlue",isamultinationalcomputertechnologyandconsultingcorporationheadquarteredinArmonk,NewYork,USA.Thecompanyisoneofthefewinformationtechnologycompanieswithacontinuoushistorydatingbacktothe19thcentury.IBMmanufacturesandsellscomputerhardwareandsoftware,andoffersinfrastructureservices,hostingservices,andconsultingservicesinareasrangingfrommainframecomputerstonanotechnology.

IBMhasbeenknownthroughmostofitsrecenthistoryastheworld'slargestcomputercompany;withover388,000employeesworldwide,IBMisthelargestinformationtechnologyemployerintheworld.DespitefallingbehindHewlett-Packardintotalrevenuesince2006,itremainsthemostprofitable.IBMholdsmorepatentsthananyotherU.S.basedtechnologycompany.Ithasengineersandconsultantsinover170countriesandIBMResearchhaseightlaboratoriesworldwide.IBMemployeeshaveearnedthreeNobelPrizes,fourTuringAwards,fiveNationalMedalsofTechnology,andfiveNationalMedalsofScience.Asachipmaker,IBMhasbeenamongtheWorldwideTop20SemiconductorSalesLeadersinpastyears,andin2007IBMrankedsecondinthelistoflargestsoftwarecompaniesintheworld.

Nickname

BigBlueisanicknameforIBM;severaltheoriesexistregardingitsorigin.Onetheory,substantiatedbypeoplewhoworkedforIBMatthetime,isthatIBMfieldrepscoinedtheterminthe1960s,referringtothecolorofthemainframesIBMinstalledinthe1960sandearly1970s."Allblue"wasatermusedtodescribealoyalIBMcustomer,andbusinesswriterslaterpickeduptheterm.AnothertheorysuggeststhatBigBluesimplyreferstotheCompany'slogo.AthirdtheorysuggeststhatBigBluereferstoaformercompanydresscodethatrequiredmanyIBMemployeestowearonlywhiteshirtsandmanyworebluesuits.Inanyevent,IBMkeyboards,typewriters,andsomeothermanufactureddevices,haveplayedonthe"BigBlue"concept,usingthecolorforenterkeysandcarriagereturns.

IBMcompanyvaluesand"Jam"

In2003,IBMembarkedonanambitiousprojecttorewritecompanyvalues.UsingitsJamtechnology,thecompanyhostedIntranet-basedonlinediscussionsonkeybusinessissueswith50,000employeesover3days.Thediscussionswereanalyzedbysophisticatedtextanalysissoftware（e-Classifier）tomineonlinecommentsforthemes.Asaresultofthe2003Jam,thecompanyvalueswereupdatedtoreflectthreemodernbusiness,marketplaceandemployeeviews:

"Dedicationtoeveryclient'ssuccess","Innovationthatmatters-forourcompanyandfortheworld","Trustandpersonalresponsibilityinallrelationships".

In2004,anotherJamwasconductedduringwhich52,000employeesexchangedbestpracticesfor72hours.Theyfocusedonfindingactionableideastosupportimplementationofthevaluespreviouslyidentified.Anewpost-JamRatingseventwasdevelopedtoallowIBMerstoselectkeyideasthatsupportthevalues.TheboardofdirectorscitedthisJamwhenawardingPalmisanoapayriseinthespringof2005.

InJulyandSeptember2006,PalmisanolaunchedanotherjamcalledInnovationJam.InnovationJamwasthelargestonlinebrainstormingsessioneverwithmorethan150,000participantsfrom104countries.TheparticipantswereIBMemployees,membersofIBMemployees'families,universities,partners,andcustomers.InnovationJamwasdividedi