商法导论outcome3答案.docx

商法导论outcome3答案.docx

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商法导论outcome3答案

CaseStudy1

Questions:

1.ListthemainbusinessorganizationsrecognizedbyScotsLaw.

2.GiventhefactthatLisawillberunningthebusinessherselfand,forthetimebeing,sheisunlikelytobeemployinganyone,howwouldyouclassifyherbusiness?

3.IdentifytwoadvantagesandtwodisadvantagesofthetypeofbusinessorganizationrunbyLisa

CaseQuestion1

ThemainbusinessorganizationsrecognizedbyScotsLaware:

Soletrader

Partnership

Limitedliability

Privatecompany

Publiccompany

Question2

①Lisaisrunningaverysmallbusiness,sothemostappropriateformoforganizationissoletrader.

②AccordingtotheCompaniesRegulation1992,Lisa’sorganizationformdoesnotfitfortheconditionofprivatecompany;suchaprivatecompanyislimitedbysharesorbyguaranteeandneedonlyhaveonmember.

③Asaresult,wecanjudgethattheorganizationformofLisa’scompanyissoletrader.

Question3

Advantages:

①verybasiclegalrequirementstocomplywith

②Totalcontroloverhis/herbusinessanddoesnothavetotakeintoaccounttheopinionsofanyshareholders.

③ItisthesimplestformofbusinessorganizationrecognizedbyScotsLaw

④Asoletraderistoallintentsandpurposestoberegardedasaself-employedperson.

Disadvantages:

①Asoletradermayfinditdifficulttofundanexpansionofthebusinessbecauseshe/hecannotoffersharestootherpartiesinordertoraisefunds.（筹集资金）

②Ifthebusinessfail,thesoletraderissaidtohaveunlimitedliabilityforanydebtsorobligationsowedtothirdparties.

③Theinclusionofnewpartnerswouldforceachangeinthenatureofbusiness,operationbyconvertingitintoapartnershiporsomeotherformofcorporatebody.

④（inanycase）,Abusinessexpansionrequiringamajorinjectionofcapitalmightentailalossofcontroloverthebusinessbecausenewmemberswhoareasourceofnewfinancewillalmostcertainlydemandasayintherunningofthebusiness.

以上优、缺点各选两个答即可

CaseStudy2

Question1

Whatarethemaindifferencesbetweenatraditionalpartnershipandalimitedliabilitypartnership（LLP）?

Partnership

Unincorporatedbody

Partnershaveunlimitedliabilityinrespectofpartnershipdebts

Noneedtoberegisteredwithregistrarofcompaniesandnoneedtosupplyformaldocuments

RegulatedbyPartnershipAct1890

LLP

Corporatebody

MembersenjoylimitedliabilityinrespectofLLPdebts

Mustberegisteredwiththeregistrarofcompaniesandcertaindocumentsmustbesupplied

RegulatedbyLLPAct2000

Question2

Whatarethemainadvantagesforanexistingpartnershipwhenitchangestoalimitedliabilitypartnership?

①ThereasonwhymanytraditionalpartnershipstrytotranslatetoLLPisthatthememberscanenjoythelimitedresponsibilities.

②Furthermore,undertheconditionsoflosingofprivacyandgreateringexternalregulationforthemembers,lotsoftraditionalpartnershipsdefinitelyhopetotranslatetoLLP.（becauseofLLP…）

Question3

WhatisthenatureofthelegalrelationshipbetweenpartnersinfirmandmembersofaLLP?

①Thereexistafiduciaryrelationshipinlawrelationshipbetweencompanyandpartners.

②举例说明公司与成员之间的忠实关系PillansBrothersvPillans[1908]

③AccordingtoLimitedLiabilityPartnershipsAct2000,section6regulations,thereshouldberecognizedtoanagent’srelationshipbetweenmembersandLLP.

④Thegeneralruleofthelawagencythatanagent（member）mustalwaysactinthebestinterestofhisprincipal（LLP）.

⑤Amemberisnotanagentofhisfellowmembers.

CaseStudy3

Question1

Whatisacompany’sobjectsclause?

①Objectclause是存在于MemorandumofAssociation之中的。

②Objectclause通常是公司的成立目的并且列出了公司可以从事的商业或商事行为。

③BeforethereformsintroducedbytheCompaniesAct1989,公司无权与第三人签订任何商业协议，除非公司的objectclause有明确规定。

④假如公司objectclause没有授权公司去从事某项商业交易时，则公司就没有行为能力（lackofcapacity）去订立合同，并且第三方也不能抗辩（thirdpartywasnodefence）.

⑤Nowadays,manycompanieswillhavestraightforwardobjectsclauseswhichallowthemtoenterintoanytypeofbusinessofcommercialtransactionwhatsoever.

Question2

DoesMacGregorhavetherighttowithdrawfromtheprojectwithConstructit?

①Macgregor没有权力撤销它与Constructit之间的协议。

②AsaresultofreformsintroducedbytheCompaniesAct1989,Section35oftheCompaniesAct1985nowstatesthateverycontractisenforceableagainstthecompany.

③NoactdonebyacompanymaybequestionedbythefactthatitwasbeyonditslegalcapacityasstatedinitsobjectsclauseintheMemorandumofAssociation.

④Section35Bofthe1985ActgoesontosaythatthereisnonecessityforathirdpartytocheckthataproposedcontractiswithinthepowersofthecompanyaspertheMemorandumofAssociation.

⑤TheSection3AofthecompanyAct1985nowpermitsacompanytohaveasimplifiedobjectsclausewhichmeansacompanycanenterintopracticallyanycontractwhatsoeverwiththirdparties.

⑥InsituationwherethirdpartiesdealingwiththecompanyherefailedtoactingoodfaithandwheretheDirectorshaveexceedtheirauthority,Section35A,CompaniesAct1985raisethepossibilitythatsuchanultravirus（毒树之果）contractmaybedeclaredvoidablebythecompany.

⑦举例AshburyRailwayCarriage&IronCovRiche[1875]

Question3

WillthelegalactionbyMacGregorshareholdersbesuccessfulsothatthecompanywillbeforcedtopayouttheexpectedbonuses?

①根据CompaniesAct1985,Section14中的规定，公司当中最重要的两个文件分别是ArticleofAssociation&MemorandumofAssociation.股东是否有权利分红（receivebonuses）完全取决于公司的ArticleofAssociation的规定。

②假使规定可以，那么股东可以根据Section14的规定去起诉并要求公司分红（forcepaymentofdividends）。

但是，假如分红的规定只是随意的（discretionary）由公司决定，那么公司就有权暂缓（suspend）在今年分红。

③举例（任选其一）：

⒈EleyvPositiveLifeAssuranceCoLtd[1876]

2.HickmanvKentorRomneyMarshsheepBreaders’Association[1915]

3.RayfieldvHands[1960]

4.WoodvOdessaWaterworksCo[1889]

Case4

Question1

Listthreedifferencesbetweenaprivatecompanyandapubliccompany.

Question2

Canpeoplesimplydecidetosetupanykindofcompanyandbegintotradeimmediately?

Question3

Whatkindoflegalstatusisacompanysaidtohave?

Question4

Whatmanagementbodyisresponsiblefortheday-to-dayrunningofacompany?

Question5

Whatisthemostcommontypeofliabilityforcompanymembers?

Keys

Question1（注意看上面的题目，只用选三个写就好）

①private:

onlyonedirectorisrequired

public:

theremustbeatleast2directors

②private:

limitedbysharesorbyguaranteeneedonlyhaveonemember

public:

theremustbyatleast2members

③private:

thereisnoupperagelimitfordirectors

public:

directorsmustretirewhentheyreachtheageof70

④private:

Auditedaccountsmustbeproducedwithin10monthsoftheendofthefinancialyear

public:

Auditedaccountsmustbeproducedwithin7monthsoftheyearend（更为严格）

⑤private:

TradingcanstartassoonasacertificateofIncorporationisobtained.

public:

PubliccompaniescannotbegintradingwithouthavingbeenissuedwithaSection117certificate.

⑥private:

Companynamemustendin“Limited”or“Ltd”

public:

Companynamemustendin“publiclimitedcompany”or“PLC”

⑦private:

TheArticleofAssociationofaprivatelimitedcompanymayprovideforarightofpre-emptionsothatwhenamemberwishestosellortotransferownershipofhissharehemustfirstofferthemtoexistingmember.

public:

Membersmustbefreetotransfertheirsharesastheyplease.

⑧private:

Thereisnominimumcapitalrequirement

public:

Apubliccompanymusthaveminimumissuedsharecapitalofatleast￡50,000.

⑨private:

Thesharescannotbetradedorlistedontheotherexchange.

public:

Sharescanbelistedonthestockexchangeandcanbetraded.

CaseStudy1

Question1

ThemainbusinessorganisationsrecognisedbyScotsLaware:

.

soletrader

.

partnerships

.

limitedpartnerships

.

limitedliabilitypartnerships

.

privatecompanies

.

publiccompanies

Question2

GiventhefactthatLisaisrunningaverysmallbusiness,itwillalmostbecertainlyrunasasole

traderenterprise.Thereistheveryremotepossibility—anditisveryremote—thatasmall

businesscouldberunasasinglememberprivatecompanyintermsoftheCompanies（Single

MemberPrivateLimitedCompanies）Regulations1992.Suchaprivatecompanyislimitedby

sharesorbyguaranteeandneedonlyhaveonemember.Nowhere,however,doesitmention

thatthebusinessislimitedbysharesorbyguaranteeandwewould,therefore,assumethatithas

thecharacterofasoletrader.

Question3

Theadvantagesofasoletraderbusinessare:

1

ItisthesimplestformofbusinessorganisationrecognisedbyScotsLaw.

2

Asoletraderistoallintentsandpurposestoberegardedasaself-employedperson.In

otherwords,nodifferenceismadebetweenthesoletraderandhisorherbusiness;they

arelegallyindistinguishable.

3Verybasiclegalrequirementstocomplywithiesubmissionofincometaxreturnstothe

InlandRevenueandthedisclosurerequirementsoftheBusinessNamesAct1985.

4Totalcontroloverhisorherbusinessanddoesnothavetotakeintoaccounttheopinions

ofanyshareholders,membersorpartners.

Thedisadvantagesofasoletraderbusinessare:

1Ifthebusinessfails,thesoletraderissaidtohaveunlimitedliabilityforanydebtsor

obligationsowedtothirdparties.

2Asoletradermayfinditdifficulttofundanexpansionofthebusinessbecauseshe/he

cannotoffersharestootherpartiesinordertoraisefunds.

3

Inanycase,abusinessexpansionrequiringamajorinjectionofcapitalmightentailaloss

ofcontroloverthebusinessbecausenewpartners,shareholdersormemberswhoarea

sourceofnewfinancewillalmostcertainlydemandasayintherunningofthebusiness.

4

Theinclusionofnewpartners,me