Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期.docx

Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期.docx

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Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期

TheRenaissance

Historicalbackground:

Thebreakingupoffeudalrelationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationsofcapitalism;Theenclosure;thewaroftheRoses;thestrengtheningoftheabsolutemonarchy;theriseofthebourgeoisie;thedefeatoftheSpanishArmada.

Newsocialandeconomicconditionsbroughtaboutgreatchangesinthedevelopmentofscienceandart.Sowiththestrengtheningofnewbourgeoisnationalstate,thisperiodismarkedbyaflourishingofnationalcultureknownastheRenaissance.

Renaissance:

Arebith,revivalofclassical（GreekandRoman）arts,literatureandsciencesbetween14thandmid17thcenturiesinEurope,thegreatestageofhumanaccomplishments.

TwostrikingfeaturesoftheRenaissance

1）Athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature;

2）Thekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity（PeopleceasedtolookuponthemselvesaslivingonlyforGodandafutureworldandturnedtoadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement）;

Renaissancemarksthetransitionfrommedievaltomodernworld,fromfeudaltocapitalist,fromreligioustosecularsociety.InthisperiodtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstoabolisholdfeudalideasinmedievalEurope（thechurch-centeredculturewhichwerecharacterizedbyGod-centeredness,otherworldlinessandasceticism.）andtointroducenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie（humanism,theman-centeredcultureinwhichmanisthemeasureofallthings.）,andtocarryourreligiousreformation.

RenaissancedidnotbegintoshowitseffectinEnglanduntilthereignofHenryVIII（1509-1547）owingtoEngland’sseparationfromtheContinentanditsdomesticunrest.EncouragedbyHenryVIII,theOxfordreformers,scholarsandhumanistsintroducedclassicalliteraturetoEngland.Educationwasrevitalizedandliteraturebecamemorepopular.Fromthebeginningofthe16thc,theEnglishRenaissancewitnessedthebriskdevelopmentofliterature:

thetranslationofancientEnglish,ItalianandFrenchworks,aswellasclassicalworksofGreeceandRome;booksofdiscoveriesandadventures;thefloweringofsonnets;thehighestgloryoftheEnglishrenaissanceisitsdrama（theElizabethandrama）.ThiswasEngland’sgoldenageinliterature.ThereappearedmanyliterarygiantssuchasShakespeare,Spenser,Jonson,Sidney,Marlowe,BaconandDonne.

Humanism:

TheRenaissancewasmarkedbythespreadofhumanism,thekeynote（thegreatspirit）ofRenaissance.ItsprangasaresultofrediscoveryandrestudyoftheGreekandRomancivilizationwhichisbasedontheconceptionthatthemanisthemeasureofallthings,theman-centeredculture.Itstandsfordevotiontothehumanevaluesrepresentedinclassicalliterature.

WhilethemedievalCatholicteachings（thechurch-centeredculture）werecharacterizedbyGod-centeredness,otherworldlinessandasceticism,theRenaissancehumanistsemphasizedthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife;theybelievedhumanbeingsweregloriouscreatures;mancanliveahappyandmeaningfullifeonearth;mancanimprovehisconditionwitheffortandchangetheworldaccordingtohisdesire.Manhastherighttopursuepersonalhappiness,knowledgeandwealth.Humanismhelpedtocivilizeman,tomakehimrealizehispotentialpowersandgifts.Itcontributedagreatdealtotheprogressofhumansociety.Itrepresentedthenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie.ThomasMore,MarloweandShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.Thehumanisticideasandbeliefpermeatedtheliteratureofthisperiod.

ChristopherMarlowe-------thegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama

I.Literaryachievement:

blankverse（unrhymediambicpentameter）

II.Artisticallimitations:

III.Majorplays:

Tamburlaine（贴木耳大帝）

TheJewofMalta（马尔他岛的犹太人）

DoctorFaustus（浮士德博士）

WilliamShakespeare（1564-1616）

Life

Works

Duringhis22yearsofliterarycareerheproduced37plays,Twonarrativepoems,154sonnets.

Dramaticcareer

Thefirstperiod----Earlyperiod（1590-1594）

2historicalplays:

HenryVI（亨利六世）

RichardIII（理查德三世）,

4comedies:

TheComedyofErrors（错误的喜剧）（错中错）

TheTwoGentlemenofVerona（维洛那二绅士）

TheTamingoftheShrew（训悍记）

Love’sLabour’sLost（爱的徒劳）

1tragedy:

RomeoandJuliet

Thesecondperiod----matureperiod（1595-1600）

Aperiodofgreatcomediesandmaturehistoricalplays

6comedies:

AMidsummerNight’sDream（仲夏夜之梦）

TheMerchantofVenice（威尼斯商人）

TheMerryWivesofWindsor（温莎的风流娘儿们）

MuchAdoaboutNothing（无事生非）

AsYouLikeIt（皆大欢喜）

TwelfthNight（第十二夜）

5historicalplays:

RichardII

HenryIV（Parts1and2）

HenryV

KingJohn

1Romantragedy:

JuliusCaesar（尤利乌斯·恺撒）

Thethirdperiod-----Flourishingperiod（Tragicperiod）（1601-1607）

Aperiodofgreattragediesanddarkcomedies

5tragedies:

Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,TimonofAthens

3comedies:

TroilusandCressida（特洛伊洛斯与克瑞西达）

All’sWellThatEndsWell（终成眷属）

MeasureforMeasure（一报还一报）

2RomanTragedies:

AntonyandCleopatra（安东尼和克莉奥佩特拉）

Coriolanus（科里奥拉鲁斯）

Thefourthperiod----Lateperiod（1608-1612）

4romanticdrama（romancesortragicomedies）:

Theseplaysportrayawiderangeoftragiceventsanddifficultconditions,buttheyallendinreconciliationandreunion.

Pericles（佩里克利斯），Cymbeline（辛白林）

TheTempest（暴风雨）,TheWinter’sTale（冬天的故事）

1historicalplay:

HenryVIII

Fourgreatcomedies

AMidsummerNight’sDream（仲夏夜之梦）

TheMerchantofVenice（威尼斯商人）

AsYouLikeIt（皆大欢喜）

TwelfthNight（第十二夜）

Fourgreattragedies

Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,

Tragedy

Classicaltragedians:

Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯PremetheusBound）,Sophocles（索福克勒斯OedipusTyrannus）,Euripites（欧里庇得斯）

Thetragichero—asignificantperson,usuallyamemberofthenobility,aleader,awise,justandgoodman

Tragicflaw—acharacterdefectwhichcausesthedownfallofthetragichero

Tragedy

Tragedieswereconcernedwiththeharshnessandapparentinjusticeinlife.Theyinvolvedthetrialsandeventfuldeathofaherowhowasanimportantpersonandwhosedeathledtothedownfallofothers.

1.Thecentralcharactersarealwayspeopleofimportance,likekings,queens,prince,general,nobles

2.Atragicheroisoftenaflawedgoodman;oftenthehero’sfallfromhappinesswasduetoaweaknessinhischaracter,bysomegreaterrorinhispart

3.supernaturalbeingsareofteninvolvedintheconflictofhumanbeings,likegods,spirits,witches,ghosts

4.Sadnessismixedwithhorror,murder,treacheryandbloodshedding

Catharsis（净化）—purgationofaudienceemotionssuchaspity,anger,fear;theaudiencefeelrelievedorpurgedwhentheyleavethetheatre.

Catharsisorcatharticeffectoftragedies:

Tragediesgiveanoutletforsuchemotionsasgreed,hatred,lust,fearandpity.Thetragicactionarousesfeelingsofaweintheaudience,whooftenleavethetheaterwitharenewedsenseoftheseriousnessandsignificanceofhumanlife.Thewordcatharsisisoftenusedtodescribetheaudience’sfeelings.Itmeansthepurgingfromthemindofthefeelingsofpityandfeartheplayhasarousedwhentheyleavethetheater.

RomeoandJuliet

Hisearliestsuccessintragedy,fullofpoetryandromance.Itsscenesofyouthandlovearepaintedinbrilliantcolors.Thereisnotingeofpessimismintheplay.Thoughatragedy,theplayisoptimisticinspirit.Itisasongoftheoptimisticyouth,love,witandcourageoftheearlyrisingyoungmenandwomenagainstthedrab.

Hamlet

Hamletasatypicaltragichero:

aherooftheRenaissanceperiodandarepresentativeofhumanism

Goodqualities:

noble-minded,brave,intelligent,learned,withastrongsenseofjustice,lovedandrespectedbyhispeople;

Weaknesses:

rash,impulsive,indecisive,sometimescanbecruel,harshandcoarse

Histragicflawislackofemotionalbalance;eitheractsrashly,withoutthinking,ordoesn’tactquicklyandfirmlyenough.Hisindecisiveness,hisinabilitytoactwhenactionisneeded,isoneofthemajorcausesforhisdownfall.

Hamlet’ssoliloquy（SeeAnthologyp76-77）

（Situation）Hamlet'sendurancehasreachedthebreakingpoint.Hisfatherhasbeenmurdered.Hismother,whohelovesdearly,hasmarriedherdeadhusband'sbrother.Moreoverhissweetheart,Ophelia,hasbeenactingverystrangely.Hesensesthatshedoesnotlovehimanymore.Now,he'sallalone.Theworldthatheknewisshattered.Hisblackmoodofdespairisdeepenedbyhisinabilitytoact-todosomethingtochangethesituation.

Nowheponderswhethertocontinueliving-ortotakehisownlife.

生存还是毁灭,这是个必须回答的问题:

　　　是否应默默的忍受坎坷命运之无情打击,

　　　还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌,

　　　并将其克服。

　　　此二抉择,就竟是哪个较崇高?

　　　死即睡眠,它不过如此!

　　　倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患,

　　　那么,此结局是可盼的!

　　　死去,睡去...

　　　但在睡眠中可能有梦,啊,这就是个阻碍:

　　　当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊,

　　　在死之长眠中会有何梦来临?

　　　它令我们踌躇,

　　　使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾,

　　　否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨,

　　　如暴君之政、骄者之傲、失恋之痛、法章之慢、贪官之侮、或庸民之辱,

　　　假如他能简单的一刃了之?

　　　还有谁会肯去做牛做马,终生疲於操劳,

　　　默默的忍受其苦其难,而不远走高飞,飘於渺茫之境,

　　　倘若他不是因恐惧身後之事而使他犹豫不前?

　　　此境乃无人知晓之邦,自古无返者。

　　　所以，理智就使我们都变成了懦夫，

使得那果断的本色蒙上了一层思虑的惨白的容颜，

本来可以做出伟大的事业，

由于思虑就化为乌有了，丧失了行动的能力。

美丽的欧菲利亚,可爱的小姐,在你的祈祷中可别忘了我的罪孽。

WhatHamletismusingonisthecomparisonbetweenthepainoflife,whichheseesasinevitable（theseaoftroubles-theslingsandarrows-theheart-ache-thethousandnaturalshocks）andthefearoftheuncertaintyofdeathandofpossibledamnationofsuicide.

1.Isitbettertoenduresilentlytheblowsandagonythatlifeinflictsonmanwithoutlogicorreason,ortoriseupagainstamassoftroublesandendthembyfightingback?

2.Whowouldbeartheinsultsandmiseriesofthisworld,thecrueltiesandtyrannyoftheoppressors,thehumiliationandcontemptfromthearrogantpeople,theheart-breakingpaincausedbyrejected