新编研究生综合英语教程unit3潘海英.pptx
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新编研究生综合英语教程AdvancedEnglishforGraduateStudents:
GeneralSkills&AcademicLiteracy,UnitThreeCulture,TextATheValuesAmericansLiveBy,Aculturecanbeviewedasacollectionofvaluesthatgotogethertoshapethewayagroupofpeopleperceiveandrelatetotheworldaroundthem.Aspeoplegrowup,theylearncertainvalues,whichwillinfluenceandshapetheirwayoflife.HowdoesAmericanculturedifferfromothers?
ThewaytoaddressthisquestionistoconsiderthevaluesAmericansliveby.,Overview,“Values”areideasaboutwhatisrightandwrong,desirableandundesirable,normalandabnormal,properandimproper.Mostpeoplewhogrowupinaparticularculturesharecertainvalues.Thesevaluesoverlapandsupporteachother;theyfittogether.Dr.L.RobertKohlshasdevelopedalistof13commonlyheldvalueswhichhelpexplainwhyAmericansactastheydo.,BackgroundInformationPre-readingQuestionsTextATheValuesAmericansLiveVocabularyExercises,TextATheValuesAmericansLiveBy,BackgroundInformation,TextATheValuesAmericansLiveBy,VWriting,Exercises,IVTranslation,Dr.LRobertKohls,DirectorofInternationalProgramsatSanFranciscoStateUniversity,isarenownedliterarycontributortotheresearchonculturalpatterns.Hehasdevelopedalistof13（8arelistedinTextA）commonlyheldvalueswhichhelpexplaintofirst-timevisitorstotheUnitedStateswhyAmericansactastheydo.Heiscareful,andcautionstoavoidlabelingthesevaluespositiveornegative.WhetheroneagreeswithKohlsornotoriswillingtoacceptasvalidanygeneralizationsaboutAmericanshisobservationsarethoughtprovoking.,Background,1.Informationabouttheauthor,:
Inrecentdecades,anewformofidentificationhasemergedwhichbreaksdowntheunderstandingoftheindividualasacoherentwholesubjectintoacollectionofvariousculturalidentifiers.Theseculturalidentifiersmaybetheresultofvariousconditionsincluding:
locality,gender,race,history,nationality,language,sexuality,religion,ethnicity,aesthetics,andevenfood.Therefore,culturalidentityreferstoafeelingofbelongingtoagroup.Itispartofapersonsself-conceptionandself-perceptionandisrelatedtotheseculturalidentifiersoranykindofsocialgroupthathasitsowndistinctculture.Inthisway,culturalidentityisbothcharacteristicoftheindividualbutalsooftheculturallyidenticalgroupofmemberssharingthesameculturalidentity.Culturalidentitycanalsobeexpressedthroughcertainstylesofclothingorotheraestheticmarkers.,Background,2.Informationaboutculturalidentity,:
.,Background,3.InformationabouttheDeclarationofIndependence,TheDeclarationofIndependencewasdraftedbyThomasJeffersonandthenadoptedbytheContinentalCongressonJuly4,1776.ItwasregardedasthenationsmostcherishedsymboloflibertyandJeffersonsmostenduringmonument.“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.”wasmadebyAbrahamLincolnasthecenterpieceofhisrhetoric（asintheGettysburgAddressof1863）,andhispolitics.Sincethen,ithasbecomeawell-knownstatementonhumanrights.,Q1:
HowmuchdoyouknowabouttheAmericanvalues?
WhichpartofAmericanvaluesdoyouthinkisacceptabletous?
Q2:
WhatisthecauseoftraditionalAmericanvalues?
Q3:
WhatisyourviewonAmericanvalues?
WhataretheeffectsofAmericanvalues?
Q4:
HowisthemainstreamAmericanculturedifferentfromtheChineseculture?
Q5:
Doculturalvalueschangeastimechanges?
Pre-readingQuestions,Q1:
HowmuchdoyouknowabouttheAmericanvalues?
WhichpartofAmericanvaluesdoyouthinkisacceptabletous?
Open,Pre-readingQuestions,Q2:
WhatisthecauseofTraditionalAmericanvalues?
TheearliestsettlerscametotheNorthAmericancontinenttoestablishcoloniesthatwerefreefromthecontrolsthatexistedinEuropeansocieties.Theywantedtoescapethecontrolsplacedontheirlivesbythekingsandgovernments,priestsandchurches,noblemenandaristocrats.In1776,theBritishcolonialsettlersdeclaredtheirindependencefromEnglandandestablishedanewnation,theUnitedStatesofAmerica.Indoingso,theycreatedaclimateoffreedomwheretheemphasiswasontheindividual.ThisisprobablythemostbasicofalltheAmericanvalues,whichisalsocalledindividualismbyscholars.,Pre-readingQuestions,Q3:
WhatisyourviewonAmericanvalues?
WhataretheeffectsofAmericanvalues?
Byfreedom,Americansmeanthedesireandtheabilityofallindividualstocontroltheirowndestinywithoutoutsideinterference.Thereis,however,apricetobepaidforthisindividualfreedom:
self-reliance.Individualsmustlearntorelyonthemselvesorrisklosingfreedom.Thismeansachievingbothfinancialandemotionalindependencefromtheirparentsasearlyaspossible,usuallybyageof18-21.ItmeansthatAmericansbelievetheyshouldtakecareofthemselves,solvetheirownproblems,and“standontheirowntwofeet.”,Q3:
WhatisyourviewonAmericanvalues?
WhataretheeffectsofAmericanvalues?
MostAmericansbelievethattheymustbeself-reliantinordertokeeptheirfreedom.Ifpeoplearedependent,theyrisklosingfreedomaswellastherespectoftheirpeers.InordertobeinthemainstreamofAmericanlife-tohavepowerand/orrespectindividualsmustbeseenasself-reliant.Althoughreceivingfinancialsupportfromcharity,family,orthegovernmentisallowed,itisneveradmired.Manypeoplebelievethatsuchindividualsaresettingabadexample,whichmayweakentheAmericancharacterasawhole.,Q3:
WhatisyourviewonAmericanvalues?
WhataretheeffectsofAmericanvalues?
So,itisimportanttounderstandwhatmostAmericanstrulymeanwhentheysaytheybelieveinequalityofopportunity.Theymeanthateachindividualshouldhaveanequalchanceforsuccess.Ithelpsensurethattheraceforsuccessisafaironeandthatapersondoesnotwinorlosejustbecauseofexternalforces.Thephrase“goingfromragstoriches”becameasloganforthegreatAmericandream.Thereis,however,apricetobepaidforthisequalityofopportunity:
competition.,Q3:
WhatisyourviewonAmericanvalues?
WhataretheeffectsofAmericanvalues?
Peoplewholiketocompeteandaremoresuccessfulthanothersarehonoredbybeingcalledwinners.Ontheotherhand,thosewhodonotliketocompeteandarenotsuccessfulwhentheytryareoftendishonoredbybeingcalledlosers.ThepressuretocompetecausesAmericanstobemoreenergetic,butitalsoplacesaconstantemotionalstrainonthem.Whentheyretire,theyareatlastfreefromthepressuresofcompetition.Butthenanewproblemarises.Theymayfeeluselessandunwantedinasocietythatgivessomuchprestigetothosewhocompetewell.ThisiswhyolderpeopleintheUnitedStatesdonothaveasmuchhonorandrespectastheydoinotherlesscompetitivesocieties.,Q4:
HowisthemainstreamAmericanculturedifferentfromtheChineseculture?
Open,Pre-readingQuestions,Q5:
Whatarethemaincharacteristicsofvalues?
First,aspartofculture,valuesarelearnedfrompeoplearound:
family,school,massmedia,andsoon.Oncelearned,theytendtobestableandgovernpeoplebeliefs,attitudes,ideasandactions.Second,valuesarehidden.Wedonotseethemastheyexistinoursubconsciousness.Wearenotalwaysawareofthem,butwemakejudgmentsaccordingtothem.,Pre-readingQuestions,Q5:
Whatarethemaincharacteristicsofvalues?
Third,valuesarepervasive.Eachofushasauniquesetofindividualvalues,buttherearealsovaluesthattendtopermeateaculture.Theyarecalledculturalvalues.Thepointwehavetokeepinmindisthatthevalueoftheculturemaynotbethevalueofallindividualswithintheculture.Fourth,valuescanbecomparedonacontinuumratherthanoneofonlytwopossiblechoices.Peoplepossesthesamevaluestodifferentdegrees.,Pre-readingQuestions,Q5:
Whatarethemaincharacteristicsofvalues?
Fifth,valuesareinterrelated.Theydontworkalone.Forexample,thevaluetowardfamilyusuallyleadstothosetowardage,status,etc.Finally,valuesofaculturechangejustasculturesdo.Ofcourse,theychangemuchmoreslowlythandothewaypeopledress,theartifactspeoplemake,andotherpartsofaculturethatareeasilyseen.Contradictoryvaluescanbefoundinaparticularculture.Thereisoftenagulfbetweenthevaluesthatarearticulated（idealism）andthevaluesthatareactedout（reality）.,Part2_TA1_s,Pre-readingQuestions,1.MostAmericanswouldhaveadifficulttimetellingyou,specifically,whatthevaluesarethatAmericansliveby.Theyhavenevergiventhemattermuchthought.,TextATheValuesAmericansLiveBy,1.大多数美国人在谈起其赖以生存的价值观时会感到力不从心。
他们从未仔细考虑过价值观这个问题。
L.RobertKohls,2.EvenifAmericanshadconsideredthisquestion,theywouldprobably,intheend,decidenottoanswerintermsofadefinitivelistofvalues.ThereasonforthisdecisionisitselfoneveryAmericanvaluetheirbeliefthateveryindividualissouniquethatthesamelistofvaluescouldneverbeappliedtoall,orevenmost,oftheirfellowcitizens.,2.即使美国人考虑过这个问题，他们最终也不可能决定以一张明确的价值观清单来回答。
做出这样的一个决定，本身就是一个非常美国式的价值观他们相信每个个体都是独一无二的，相同的价值观永远也不可能适用于所有的美国公民，甚至不能适用于大多数公民。
3.AlthoughAmericansmaythinkofthemselvesasbeingmorevariedandunpredictablethantheyactuallyare,itissignificantthattheythinktheyare.Americanstendtothinktheyhavebeenonlyslightlyinfluencedbyfamily,churchorschools.Intheend,eachbelieves,“IpersonallychosewhichvaluesIwanttolivemyownlifeby.”,3.尽管美国人可能认为他们自己比实际看上去更加变幻莫测，但重要的是他们的确认为自己变幻莫测。
美国人普遍认为他们受家庭、教会或学校影响很轻微。
最终，每个人都认为“我个人会根据自己生活方式选择我的价值观”。
4.Thedifferentbehaviorsofapeopleoraculturemakesenseonlywhenseenthroughthebasicbeliefs,assumptionsandvaluesofthatparticulargroup.Whenyouencounteranaction,orhearast
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