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Afterhisfirstsuccessintheliteraryworld,Hemingwaymarriedanddivorcedthreetimes.HisfourthwifewasMaryWelsh.Duringthe1930shespenttimeinSpainandAfricaandresidedinKeyWest,Florida,wherehegainedareputationasasportsmanandathlete.HefoughtbullsinSpain,huntedinAfricaandfishedinFlorida.ThemaincharacterofSantiagoinOldManandtheSeawasbasedonsomeoneheencounteredduringhisfishingadventuresontheGulfStream.Whileonhisboat,heandhisfriendCarlosGutierrez(thefirstskipperofhisboatthePilar)encounteredafishermanandaboybeingdraggedthroughtheseainaricketyboat,strugglingagainstabigfish.TheoldmanrefusedanyhelpfromHemingwayandhisskipper.ThestoryfirstappearedasananecdoteinanarticleinEsquirecalled"
OntheBlueWater,"
inApril1936.
Thetaleoftheold,courageousfishermanisalsosaidbycriticstoreflecttheauthorhimself.GaryBrennerdescribedSantiagoastheagingauthorHemingwayandtheMarlinashisnobleandbeautifulpublishedworks.OthersrecognizeHemingway'
sloveofgallantry.SeanO'
FaolainisquotedbyCarlosBakerassayingthatHemingwaytrottedtheglobe"
insearchoftheflameofthespiritinmenandbeasts."
InOldManandtheSea,thisflameisacharacteristicofbothSantiagoandtheMarlin.
In1942,HemingwayvolunteeredhimselfandhisfishingboatforNavyprojectsoffthewestcoastofCuba-asuicidemissiontodestroyU-Boatstherefortwoyears.HewasalsoacorrespondentontheloyalistsideintheSpanishCivilWar.In1944hewenttoEngland,whereheworkedasacorrespondentandwentonmissionswiththeRAF(RoyalAirForce).AfterD-Day,hejoinedtheFirstArmy.HesufferedseveralinjuriesduringWorldWarII.
AftertheWar,HemingwaylivedinHavanauntilFidelCastro'
srevolutionforcedhimoutofthecountry.OldManandtheSea(1952)wasHemingway'
slastpublishedwork,andhereceivedtheNobelPrizein1954.AfterbeingkickedoutofCuba,hereturnedtoSpainforonelastrendezvousatthebullfights.Towardstheendofhislife,Hemingwaysufferedalotofpain-highbloodpressure,enlargedliverandfaintness,depressionandwithdrawal.HeboughtahouseinKetchum,Idahoin1961whereheplannedtofinallysettledown.Ultimately,hewasunabletoendurehispain.ErnestHemingwaywasdriventosuicideonJuly2,1961.
Bibliography
Baker,Carlos.Hemingway:
TheWriterasArtist.Princeton:
PrincetonUniversityPress,1952.
Brenner,Gerry.TheOldManandtheSea:
StoryofaCommonMan.NewYork:
TwaynePublishers,1991.
Fuentes,Norberto.HemingwayinCuba.NewJersey:
LyleStuartInc,1984.
Hemingway,Ernest.OldManandtheSea.NewYork:
CharlesScribner'
sSons,1952.
Unger,Leonard(Ed.).AmericanWriters:
ACollectionofLiteraryBiographies,vol.2.NewYork:
sSons,1974.
TheEncyclopediaAmericana,vol.14.DanburyCT:
Grolier,1995.
PlotSummary
InasmallfishingvillageinCuba,Santiago,anold,weatheredfishermanhasjustgone84dayswithoutcatchingafish.Onthe85thday,heisdeterminedtocatchabig,impressivefish.
Foryears,SantiagohasbeenfishingwithayoungboynamedManolin.Manolinstartedfishingwiththeoldmanwhenhewasonly5yearsold.SantiagoislikeManolin'
ssecondfather,andhastaughttheyoungboyeverythingaboutfishing.ManolinisextremelyloyaltoSantiagoandmakessurethattheoldmanisalwayssafe,fedandhealthy.Manolin'
sparents,however,forcetheboytoleaveSantiagoandfishonamorelucrativefishingboat.
ManolindoesnotwanttoleaveSantiago,butmusthonorhisdutytohisparents.Onthenewboat,Manolincatchesseveralfishwithinthefirstfewdays.Santiago,meanwhile,decidestoheadoutontheGulfStreamalone.Hefeelsthe85thdaywillbeluckyforhim.Hesetsoutonhisold,ricketyskiff.Aloneonthewater,Santiagosetsuphisfishinglineswiththeutmostprecision,askillthatotherfishermanlack.
Finally,hefeelssomethingheavytuggingatoneofhislines.AhugeMarlinhasfoundSantiago'
sbaitandthissetsoffaverylongstrugglebetweenthetwo.TheMarlinissohugethatitdragsSantiagobeyondallotherboatsandpeople-hecannolongerseelandfromwherethefishdragshim.ThestruggletakesitstollonSantiago.Hishandsbecomebadlycrampedandheiscutandbruisedfromtheforceofthefish.
SantiagoandtheMarlinbecomeunitedoutatsea.Theyareattachedtoeachotherphysically,andinSantiago'
scase,emotionally.HerespectsandlovestheMarlinandadmiresitsbeautyandgreatness.Heseesthefishashisbrother.Despitethis,Santiagohastokillit.Hefeelsguiltykillingabrother,butafteranintensestruggleinwhichthefishdragstheskiffaroundincircles,Santiagoharpoonstheverylargefishandhangsitonthesideofhisboat.Hefeelsbrave,likehisheroJoeDiMaggio,whoaccomplishedgreatfeatsdespiteobstacles,injuriesoradversities.
Afterenjoyingafewmomentsofpride,apackofsharksdetectsthebloodinthewaterandfollowthetrailtoSantiago'
sskiff.Santiagohastofendoffeachsharkthatgoesafterhisprizedcatch.EachsharktakesahugebiteoutoftheMarlin,buttheoldmanfendsthemoff,himselfnowbruised,butalive.HesailsbacktoshorewiththecarcassofhisMarlin.Heisbarelyabletowalkandslowlystaggersbacktohishut,wherehefallsintobed.
Thenextmorning,theboyfindshismentorandcrieswhenhelooksatSantiago'
sbruisedhands.Hepromiseshewillrejecthisparents'
wishesandvowstofishwithSantiagoagain.
MajorCharacters
Santiago:
Theheroofthestory.HeisanoldCubanfishermanwhoisaperfectionistwhenitcomestofishing.Despitehisprecisemethods,hehasnoluckatsea.Santiagowantstobeunique:
agreaterandstrangerpersonthanhispeersoutatsea.Helovesbaseballanddreamsoflions.Heisalone,exceptforthecompanyofManolin.Heisdeterminedtocatchonebigfish.
Manolin:
TheyoungboywhoisadiscipleofSantiagoandwhotakescareofhim.Hisparentspreferthatheworkwithmoresuccessfulfishermen,butashebecomeshisownman,hechoosestobeloyaltoSantiago.
Marlin:
TheMarlinisthebigfishthatSantiagodesperatelywantsandneedstocatch.Itisanawesomefishthatimpressestheoldman.Becauseofthefish'
sgreatness,hebecomeslikeabrothertoSantiago
MinorCharacters
Manolin'
sParents:
Theparentsoftheyoungboy.TheywanttheirsontoabandonSantiagoandfishwithfishermenwhoaremoresuccessfulandwillearnmoremoney.Manolinistornbetweenhisdutytothemandhisloyaltytotheoldman.
LocalFishermen:
ThefishermenintownwhoeitherlaughatorpitySantiago.Theyarenotaspreciseintechniqueastheoldman,buttheycatchmorefish.
Objects/Places
Skiff:
Theold,ricketyboatonwhichSantiagosails.
JoeDiMaggio:
Santiago'
sidol.ANewYorkYankee(whosefatherwasafisherman)whoalwaysperformedhisbest,despiteinjuriesandobstacles.
lions:
ThegreatcreaturesonthebeachesofAfricaaboutwhichSantiagodreams.Santiagolovesgreatandmajesticanimalsandconsidersthemashispeers.
sea:
Santiagothinksoftheseaasafemininecreaturebecauseitistemperamentalandemotional.Santiagoisatonewithnature.
sharks:
CreaturesthatattackSantiago,hisskiffandtheMarlinastheyheadbacktowardstheshore.TheytearupthefleshoftheMarlinandtakesomeofthegloryofvictoryawayfromtheoldman.
Quotes
Quote1:
"
Everythingabouthimwasoldexcepthiseyesandtheywerethesamecolorastheseaandwerecheerfulandundefeated."
Page10
Quote2:
Therearemanygoodfishermenandsomegreatones.Butthereisonlyoneyou."
Page23
Quote3:
Henolongerdreamedofstorms,norofwomen,norofgreatoccurrences,norofgreatfish,norfights,norcontestsofstrength,norofhiswife.Heonlydreamedofplacesnowandofthelionsonthebeach.Theyplayedlikeyoungcatsintheduskandhelovedthemashelovedtheboy."
Page25
Quote4:
Buttheoldmanalwaysthoughtofherasfeminineandas