地下水水文学A卷.docx

地下水水文学A卷.docx

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地下水水文学A卷

长江大学试卷学院地球化学系班级学号姓名

…………….…………………………….密………………………………………封………………..…………………..线……………………………………..

2010—2011学年第2学期

Thesecondsemesterin2010─2011academicyear

地下水水文学试题（A卷）

TestQuestionsofGeohydrology（TestpaperA）

专业：

水文水资源工程年级：

2008

Major:

HydrologyandWaterResourcesGrade：

2008

No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Total

Score

考试方式：

开卷；学分：

2.0；考试时间：

120分钟

ExamMode:

open-bookexam;Credithour:

2.0;Duration:

120minutes

PartⅠ（50percent）

（InthispartyouareaskedtowriteoutyouranswersinChinese）

1Shortanswerquestion（thereare6questions,eachquestionis4points,totalpointsare24）/简答题（6小题，每小题4分，共24分）

1.1与地下水过度开发相关的水环境问题有哪些？

Whatisenvironmentalproblemsrelatedtoexcessiveexploitationofgroundwater?

1.2什么是岩土的水理性质?

岩土的水理性质有哪些?

Whatarethephysicalpropertiesofrockandsoilrelatedtogroundwaterandwhichshouldbeincluded?

1.3反映地下水质量的指标有哪些?

Whatareindicatorstoreflectgroundwaterquality?

1.4除含水层之间的补给和计算区以外地下水的侧向补给外，地下水的自然补给有哪些主要来源？

Whataremainsourcesforgroundwaterrechargenaturally,exceptforrechargebetweenaquifersandlateralrechargefromexternalofthecomputationarea?

1.5抽水试验中设置水位观测孔的目的是什么？

Whatarethegoalsofawellforwatertableobservationinpumpingtest?

1.6水均衡法计算水资源量的基本原理是什么？

具体应用步骤有哪些？

Whatarebasicprinciplesofwaterresourcescomputedbywaterbalancemethod,andconcretelycalculatingprocess?

2Analysisandcomparison（Thereare2questions,eachquestionis4points,totalpointsare8）/分析比较题（2小题，每小题4分，共8分）

2.1容水性与给水性有何不同？

Whataredifferentbetweenthepropertyofrock-soiltostorewaterandthepropertyofrock-soiltoyieldorsupplywater?

2.2储水率与储水系数有何不同？

Whataredifferentbetweenspecificstorageandstorativityorstoragecoefficient?

3Summaryandinductionorgeneralization（Thereare2questions,eachquestionis5points,totalpointsare10）/总结归纳或总结概括题（2小题，每小题5分，共10分）

3.1阅读教材p236-241，指出处理受污染地下水常用的物理方法有哪些。

Readingyourtextbookfrompage236to241,pointoutrelevantcommonphysicalmethodsusedtotreatmentofpollutedgroundwater.

3.2阅读教材P149-151，在理解例6-1的基础上，写出利用抽水试验的降深~时间资料确定潜水含水层水文地质参数（导水系数）T和u*（弹性释水系数）的方法步骤。

Readingyourtextbookfrompage150to151,writeoutmethodandproceduresofhydrogeologyparameterT（Transmissivity）andu*（elasticstorativity）determinedbydrawdown-timedatafrompumpingtestsbasedoncomprehendingexample6-1.

4coveredthematterinabriefstatement（8points）/简述题（8分）。

简述地下水库与地表水库的基本区别？

Brieflynarratebasicdifferencesbetweengroundwaterreservoirandsurfacereservoir?

PartⅡ（50percent）

（InthispartyouareaskedtowriteoutyouranswersinEnglish）

5Fillintheblankswithbesttermaccordingtofollowingdescriptions,eachblankis1point,andtotalpointsis20.

5.1（）iswaterlocatedbeneaththegroundsurfaceinsoilporespacesandinthefracturesofrockformations.

A.soilmoistureB.fissurewaterC.GroundwaterD.porewater

5.2Inphysicalgeography,atermoftendescribesthecombinedmassofwaterfoundon,under,andoverthesurfaceofaplanet.Thebestwordforthistermis（）.

A.hydraulicsB.geohydrologyC.hydrogeologyD.hydrosphere

5.3The（）isaconceptualmodelthatdescribesthestorageandmovementofwaterbetweenthebiosphere,atmosphere,lithosphere,andthehydrosphere.

A.hydrologiccycleB.geologicalcycleC.reservoirD.runoff

5.4（）referstothemovementofwaterintothesoillayerfromsurface.

A.runoffB.infiltrationC.InfiltrationD.throughflow

5.5Whengravitationalwaterhasdrainedawaytheamountofwaterthatremainsiscalledthe（）.

A.gravitationalwaterB.throughflowC.seepageD.soil'sfieldcapacity

5.6Whenaunitofrockoranunconsolidateddepositcanyieldausablequantityofwater,itiscalledan（）.

A.aquiferB.aquitardC.aquicludeD.aquifuge

5.7An（）isarocktypewithaverylowpermeability.Therockhardlytransmitsanygroundwateralthoughitmaywellcontainlargequantitiesofgroundwater.

A.aquiferB.aquitardC.aquicludeD.aquifuge

5.8（）groundwateroccurswhentheflowofsubterraneanwaterisnotconfinedbythepresenceofrelativelyimpermeablelayers.

A.ConfinedB.unconfinedC.UnconfinedD.confined

5.9.Thewaterretainedbysuchaforcefoundonthesurfaceofsoilmineraliscalled（）.

A.hygroscopicwaterB.groundwaterC.porewaterD.confinedwater

5.10Itisoneformofsoilmoisture.Becausethiswaterisprimarilymovedbycapillaryaction,scientistscommonlyrefertoitas（）.

A.hygroscopicwaterB.capillarywaterC.HygroscopicwaterD.confinedwater

5.11（）istheratioofthevolumeofwaterthatarockorsoilwillyieldbygravitydrainagetothevolumeoftherockorsoil.

A.SpecificyieldB.SpecificstorageC.SpecificretentionD.Storativity

5.12（）ordeepdrainageordeeppercolationisahydrologicprocesswherewatermovesdownwardfromsurfacewatertogroundwater.

A.GroundwaterrechargeB.groundwaterdischarge

C.groundwaterrunoffD.Leakagerecharge

5.13（）ofgroundwatercanbedefinedas“thepracticeofincreasingbyartificialmeanstheamountofwaterthatisrechargingagroundwatersystem”.

A.NaturalrechargeB.Artificialrecharge

C.RiverrechargeD.artifiialrecharge

5.14（）cangenerallybedefinedastheoutflowofwaterfromagroundwatersystematornearthegroundwatertable.

A.GroundwaterrechargeB.Groundwaterdischarge

C.TransfluenceD.Groundwatermovement

5.15（）istheflowofwaterbeneathearth'ssurfaceaspartofthewatercycle.

A.SurfaceflowB.SubsurfaceflowC.HydrologicalcycleD.Spring

5.16（）isanintegrationthatbasicelementsofgroundwatersuchaswatertable,waterquantity,watertemperatureanditschemicalcomponentetc.varywithtime..

A.GroundwaterregimeB.Groundwaterrecharge

C.GroundwaterrunoffD.Groundwaterdischarge

5.17Inlightofsaturationofgroundwater,seepagecanbeclassifiedintosaturatedandunsaturatedseepages.（）referstoflowofgroundwaterinthezoneofsaturation.

A.SaturatedseepageB.saturatedseepage

C.unsaturatedseepageD.Unsaturatedseepage

5.18（）istheamountofwaterthataportionofanaquiferreleasesfromstorage,perunitmassorvolumeofaquifer,perunitchangeinhydraulichead,whileremainingfullysaturated.Thetermgenerallyreferstovolumetricspecificstorage.

A.SpecificstorageB.StorativityC.SpecificyieldD.Specificcapacity

5.19（）isthequantityofwaterthatcanbedrainedoutfromagivenaquiferundergravitationalaction.

A.SpecificstorageB.StorativityC.SpecificyieldD.Specificcapacity

5.20（）referstoadischargeperwidththatpassesthroughwholethicknessofanaquiferwhenhydraulicgradientequalsto1,withdimensionL2/T（m2/day）.

A.TransmissivityB.HydraulicconductivityC.StorativityD.Porosity

6Readingandcomprehension（Thereare2questions,eachis10points,totalpointsare20）.

6.1Readyourtextbookatpage47-48,thenpointouttherelationshipbetweengaseouscomponentingroundwaterandgeochemicalenvironment.

Keywords:

geochemicalenvironment地球化学环境；dissolve溶解；dissolvedoxygen溶解氧；oxidation/oxidization氧化；deoxidization还原；reductiveenvironment还原环境；carbonate碳酸盐；crystallinerock结晶岩；weather风化；O2,N2,CO2,CH4andH2S；gaseouscomponent气体成分.

6.2Answer5questionsafterreadingthefollowingmaterial,eachis2pointsandtotalpointsare10.

TotalDissolvedSolids（TDS）isameasureofthecombinedcontentofallinorganicandorganicsubstancescontainedinaliquidin:

molecular,ionizedormicro-granular（colloidalsol）suspendedform.Generallytheoperationaldefinitionisthatthesolidsmustbesmallenoughtosurvivefiltrationthroughasievethesizeoftwomicrometer.

PrimarysourcesforTDSinreceivingwatersareagriculturalandresidentialrunoff,leachingofsoilcontaminationandpointsourcewaterpollutiondischargefromindustrialorsewagetreatmentplants.Themostcommonchemicalconstituentsarecalcium,phosphates,nitrates,sodium,potassiumandchloride,whicharefoundinnutrientrunoff,generalstormwaterrunoffandrunofffromsnowyclimateswhereroaddeicingsaltsareapplied.

Totaldissolvedsolids（TDS）aredifferentiatedfromtotalsuspendedsolids（TSS）,inthatthelattercannotpassthroughasieveoftwomicrometersandyetareindefinitelysuspendedinsolution.Theterm“settleablesolids”referstomaterialofanysizethatwillnotremainsuspendedordissolvedinaholdingtanknotsubjecttomotion,andexcludesbothTDSandTSS.Settleablesolidsmayincludelargerparticulatematterorinsolublemolecules.

Thetwoprincipalmethodsofmeasuringtotaldissolvedsolidsaregravimetryandconductivity.Gravimetricmethodsarethemostaccurateandinvolveevaporatingtheliquidsolventtoleavearesiduethatcansubsequentlybeweighedwithaprecisionanalyticalbalance（normallycapableof.0001gramaccuracy）.Electricalconductivityofwaterisdirectlyrelatedtotheconcentrationofdissolvedionizedsolidsinthewater.Ionsfromthedissolvedsolidsinwatercreatetheabilityforthatwatertoconductanelectricalcurrent,whichcanbemeasuredusingaconventionalconductivitymeterorTDSmeter.

1）Whatarethegravimetricmethodsofmeasuringtotaldissolvedsolids?

2）WhatisTDS?

3）WhatareprimarysourcesforTDS?

4）WhatisTSS?

5）WhataredifferentbetweenTDSandTSS?

.

7GivethebestproperterminEnglishafterconsideringthetermslistedinthefollowingtablecarefully,eachis1pointandtotalpointsare10.

TechnicaltermsinChinese

Techn