长臂式采煤用的采煤机的外文翻译中英文翻译外文翻译.docx

长臂式采煤用的采煤机的外文翻译中英文翻译外文翻译.docx

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长臂式采煤用的采煤机的外文翻译中英文翻译外文翻译

附录一（英文）

.SHEARERLOADERSFORLONGWALLMINING

InEurope，longwallminingiscomprehensivelymechanizedbythealmostexclusiveuseofshearerloadersandploughs.IntheFederalRepublicofGermanyploughinghasbeenappliedtoagreaterextentthaninothercoutries.Inspiteofthis，theproportionofcoalextractedbyshearerloadersissteadilyincreasing.Itaccountedfor36percentofthetotalnationaloutputinOctober1977.

Thereareanumberofconvincingreasonswhyshearerloadersaregainingground.Theiroperationisessentionlymoreindependentofthefloorandroofconditions，dirtbandsandchangingseamconditionsthanthatofploughs.Optimumadaptationofthecuttingheight，thefixedcuttingdepth，andbetterroofcontrolarefurtherargumentsinfavourofshearerloaders.

InOctober1976theeffectiveworkingtimeonaploughfacewasintherangeof35percent，comparedwith48percentonashearerface.Theaverageoutputsreflecttheaboxefigures（FRGOctober1977—1130tfromaploughface，1678tfromashearerface）.Itshouldbenoticed，however，thatshearerloadersaregenerallyoperatinginseamsofgreaterthickness.

Shearerloadersarenowavailableforseamsrangingfrom0.75mto4.50minthickness.Thevariousmachineversionsfortherespectiveoperatingconditionsencounteredareassembledfromagreatnumberofmajorcomponentsinaccordancewiththeunitprincipleofconstruction.

Eickhoffshearerloaders，forinstance，canbeequippedwithlongitudinalmotorshavingratingsof170，200，and300kw，and450kwatpresentand230kwunitswillbeavailablesoon.

Theshearerstravelonoralongsidetheconveyor.Rangingarmsofdifferentlengthfrom740mmto2230mmareavailable.Theshearerscanbemanufacturedtooperateonvariousvoltagesandfrequenciesgenerallyused，withvarioushaulagemethodsandspeeds，anddifferentdrumspeedsanddrumdesignforvariousmachineheights.

Contrarytoformeryearsthemanufacturersofsuchmachinesarethereforenolongerinapositiontoproduceidenticalmachinesinlargeseries，butarecompelledtoassembletheminingmachinesfromalargenumberofexistingcomponentsaccordingtoprincipleswhichrequirecontinuousrevisionandimprovement，andtointegratethemintocompletesystemstogetherwiththefaceconveyorandroofsupportsasrequiredbytheminingconditionsencountered.

Althoughahighdegreeofdevelopmentandgreatoperationalsafetyforthesevereoperatingconditionsundergroundhavealreadybeenreached，effortshavetobemadetodeveloptheminingmachinesfurtherwithaviewtomeetthefollowingfuturerequirements：

（1）—increasedoutputs（andatthesametimeafurtherimprovementinoperationalsafety），

（2）—Extensionoftheworkingrange（e.g.intosteeplyinclinedseams），

（3）—Improvementoftheergonomicalconditions（e.g.reductionofdustmakeandnoise）.

IncreasedOutputs

Thecurrenttrendisformorecoaltobeextractedfromfewerfaces.

Theoutputfromsomefacesisalreadysohighthatevenshortstoppagesonafaceresultinanenormouslossofoutput.Therequiredincreaseofoutputsfromshearerloadersisthereforecloselyconnectedwiththerequirementforhigheroperationalsafety，abetterdegreeofutilisationandeasiermonitoringofallfunctionsofthemachine.

Theimprovementinperformanceisthereforenotlimitedtothedevelopmentofmorepowerfulmotors，haulgeaboxes，gearheads，andrangingarms，butalsoincludestheelectricalmonitoringofthemachinesandeventuallyfullautomation.

Thisalsoappliestothedevelopmentofcuttingtools，asthetoollifeandthetoolcostsaredecisivefortheperformanceofamachine.

Outputscanalsobeincreasedbymulti-machineoperationonaface.Theefficiencycanbeimprovedbytheeliminationofstableholesandbyavoidingstoppagescaused，forinstance，bylargelumpsbreakingoutofthefaceandwhichmustbecrushedmanually.

Itisalsoobviousthatthelimitationoftheoperatingvoltageto1000vsetsalimittoperformanceandthatthefurtherincreaseofthenominalmotorratingswillrequiretheintroductionofhighervoltages.

ExtensionoftheWorkingRange

Comprehensiveexperiencehasbeengainedwithshearerloadersinlevelandslightlyinclinedseamsorworkingstotherise.

Theminingofthinseamsisaffectedbyinherentlimitationssetbytheheightoftheconveyor，thenecessaryclearanceunderneaththemachine，andtheheightofthemachineitself.Thinseamscanthereforeonlybeextractedbyshearerloadersifthemachinetravelsalongsidetheconveyor.Thisresultsinguidingproblemswhichcannotbesolvedbytheuseofaguidingarrangementprovidedinthetravelingtrackonly.Asolutioneventuallyfoundwastotrapthemachineagainsttheconveyor.Thisopenedpossibilitiesfortheshearerloaderinaseamthicknesswhichsofarwasreservedfortheplough.AgreatnumberofEDW—170—LNshearersarenowoperating，particularlyinGreatBritainwheretheyextractthinseamsofhigh-gradecokingcoal.

Insteeplyinclinedseamstheuseofshearerloadershasbeenlimitedduetohaulagedifficulties，andfindingadequatesafetydevicestoretainthesheareronthegradient.Newdevelopmentswhichdispensewithadditionalsafetydevicesoutsideofthemachineandwhichprovideforthenecessaryhaulagearrangementshaveextendedtheworkingrangeofshearerloadersintosteeplyinclinedseams.

Thecostofroadwaydrivageandmaintenanceincreaseconsiderablywiththedepthoftheworkings.Thedevelopmentofadvancedheadinghassofarimpededfaceadvance.Thechainlesshaulagesystemforshearerloadersnowallowsformultimachineoperation.Withinsuchasystemfaceandmachinescanbeusedwhicharedesignedforthepurposeandwhichthusnotonlyeliminatestableholes，butalsocuttheroadwaysection，sothathighoutputsareachievedwiththeresultingincreasedproductivity.

ImprovementofErgonomicalConditionsUnderground

Comparedwithotherindustrialactivities，workingundergroundisparticularlylaboriousanddangerous.Effortsarethereforebeingmadetoeasethetasksandtoincreasethesafetyoftheworkingsundergroundnotonlybecauseofthenecessitytoobtainpeoplewhoarewillingtooperatetheequipment.Thisalsourgestheneedforfurtherdevelopment.

Formanyyearstheproblemofdustsuppressiononshearerloaderfaceshasbeenaconcern，andmuchremainstobedoneinthisfield.Inthisconnection，referenceislatelyoftenmadetothehydraulicextractionofcoalbywaterjetsortotheuseofwaterjetsforassistingconventionalminingmachine.

Undergroundoperationsarecontinuouslyjeopardizedbytheoccurrenceoffiredamp.ToeliminatesuchhazardshollowshaftventilationisfrequentlyusedintheU.K.forfeedingwaterandairintothedepthofcutbymeansofVenturisprayjets.

Theoperationofshearerloadersisalsoimprovedbytheprovisionofcontrolsateachendofthemachinebyradiocontrol，andbyautomaticcontrolenablingindependentoperationoftheshearerontheface.

COMPONENTSOFSHEARERLOADERS

Thetargetsofdevelopmentoutlinedintheforegoingcallforcontinuousimprovementandfurtherdevelopmentofallmachinecomponents.

Motors：

Highoutputsrequirehighmotorratings.Anoptimummachineadaptationmustbeemployedforeachparticulartypeofcoaltokeepthespecificenergyataminimum.

Theaccommodationofhighratingswithinthelimitedspacenecessitatestheuseofwater-cooledmotors.Whilstcoolingthestatorsofmotorsisnowanacceptedstandardandend-shieldcoolingisappliedforthelatestmotordesigns，trialsarenowalsobeingmadetoincreasethemotorratingfurtherwithinagivenspacebycoolingtheshafts.

Themotorsusedsofarforlongwallpowerloadingmachineryarethree-phaseinductionmotorswhichduetotheirdesignaresufficientlyrobusttomeettheoperatingconditionsunderground.Inanefforttoreducethespecificenergytoaminimumitisnecessarytocoordinatethedrumspeedwiththetravelingspeedofthepowerloader，andthiscouldbeachievedbyamachineequippedwithd.c.motorsforpoweringthedrumswhichissaidtohavebeendevelopedintheUSSR，althoughthereisnoinformationoftheoperatingresults.

Themotorsofconventionalshearerloadersarepositionedinthelongitudinalaxisofthemachineandrequireashaftateithersideforpowertransmissiontothegearheads.Suchmachinesthereforerequireacomplexgearingsystemwhich，however，offerstheadvantagethatthemotorpowercanbedividedamongthetwodrumsandthehaulageboxasrequired.

Newmachinessuchas，forinstance，theEDW-150-2Lareequippedwithtransversemotorsfitteddirecttotherangingarm.Theadvantage，however，isachievedattheexpenseofthepowerdistributionthetwodrumswhichisnolongerpossible，andthedrumwhichissubjectedtothehigherloaddeterminesthetravelingspeedoftheshearerbymarkingfulluseofitsmotorpower.

HaulageUnits

Hydraulichaulageunitsforpowerloadershavebeenusedfornearly30yearsnow.Inthecourseofthedecadestheyhavebeenimprovedtoahighdegreeoftheshearerasafunctionoftheloodonthemotorandthehaulagebox（Eicomatik）.Theypreventoverloadsandoperatesafelyusingflame-resistantfluids.

However，thedevelopmentofthesemi-conductortechniquehasprogressedtoastageduringthelastdecadethatitisnowpossibletodesignelectricalhaulageunitspoweredbyd.c.motorsthespeedofwhichiscontrolledbythyristors.Comparedwithhydraulichaulageunitselectrichaulagesaresimplerandmaintainedviatheuseofplugincontrolunits.Inaddition，theirvariousfunctionsaremonitoredandtheyrespondmorerapidlytospeedalterationsthanhydra