国际商务合同复习资料.docx

国际商务合同复习资料.docx

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国际商务合同复习资料

InternationalCommercialContracts

Contents

Chapter1:

TheRoleofContractsinInternationalCommerce……………….……………2

Chapter2:

IssuesAffectingInternationalContracts…………………………….………….4

Chapter3:

PartiestotheTransaction,Part1…………………………………….…………7

Chapter4:

DraftingtheInternationalContractforSaleofGoods……………….………..10

Chapter5:

TradeTermsandIncoterms…………………………………………………….22

Chapter6:

KeyIssuesinInternationalSalesContracts…………………………………..24

Chapter7:

PartiestotheTransaction,Part2……………………………………....………26

Chapter8:

DraftingPreciseContractProvisions…………………………….…..………27

Chapter9:

PartiestotheTransaction,Part3……………………………………….………28

Chapter10:

ContractDisputeResolution…………………………………..……..………29

Chapter11:

ContractFundamentalsinInternationalLegalSystems…………….………31

Chapter12:

OffertoSellGoods…………………………………………………….………..32

Chapter13:

MemorandumofSale………………………………………………….………..33

Chapter14--21:

TranslationofContractProvisions……………………………….………..34

Chapter22:

Glossary………………………………………………………………….……….38

Appendix1ExamModelandKeyProvisions……………………………………….……….43

Appendix2ContractSamples………………………………………………………………..46

Appendix3ContractStructure………………………………………………………….…….56

Appendix4Reference…………………………………………………………………………60

Chapter1TheRoleofContractsinInternationalCommerce

1.ReadingGuidance

Summary

RoscoePoundoncesaidthat“thesocialorderrestsuponthestabilityandpredictabilityofconduct,ofwhichkeepingpromisesisalargeitem.”Chinesecontracttextbookemphasizesthatcontractorcontractlawistoprovidethestabilityespeciallyoftransactionrelationshipinmarketeconomy,torealizethewilloftheparties,toprotectthelegalrightsoftheparties,andpromotesocialwelfare.

Theroleorimportanceofacontractinaninternationalcommerceincludesthefollows:

●Acontractcanestablishtherightsandobligationsofeachparty.

（seeCross-borderrightsandobligations）；

●Afaircontractcanencouragetheperformanceofrightsandobligations;viceversa.

（seeBalanceofpower）；

●Acontractcandecidehowtoresolvedisputesbeforetheyhappen.

（seeChoiceofremedies）；

●Acontractcanbeenforcedtoseekremedyprovidednecessarytermsandformaremet.（seeNecessaryterms&Enforcement）；and

●Acontractcan,tosomeextent,controltheapplicationofacountry’slawstoatransaction.（seeGoverninglaw）。

LeadingQuestions

Whatarethenormativefunctionsofinternationalcommercialcontracts?

Whatarethepossibleproblemswhichmayarisefrominternationalcommercialcontracts?

Howtosolvethepossibleproblemsofinternationalcommercialcontracts?

2.ReviewPoints复习要点

Choosethebestanswer选择题

Definition概念

1Acontractreferstoanagreementenforceableatlaw.Anagreementconsistsof________.

A.inquiryandreplyB.negotiationandbargaining

C.offerandcounter-offerD.offerandacceptance

2Acommercialcontract,insimplestterms,ismerelyanagreementmadeby_______partiesforthepurposeoftransactingbusiness.

A.oneormoreB.morethantwoC.threeD.twoormore

Basic/necessaryterms基本/必要条款

3Thefourbasictermsofacontractinclude_______.

A.governinglaw;theprice;timeandmeansofpayment;warrantyclause;indemnityclause

B.thedescriptionofgoodsintermsoftype,quantity,andquality;thetimeofdelivery;theprice;andthetimeandmeansofpayment

C.thedescriptionofgoodsintermsoftype,quantity,andquality;Governinglaw;theprice;timeandmeansofpayment;warrantyclause

D.thetimeofdelivery;theprice;andthetimeandmeansofpayment;warrantyclause

Balanceofpower实力均衡

4Inaninternationalsalescontract,thebalanceofpowerbetweencontractingparties________

A.canworkagainstthestrongerpartyincontractenforcement

B.canworkagainsttheweakerpartyincontractnegotiation

C.usuallytipstothepartywhoisnotfamiliarwithwrittencontracts

D.usuallytipsinfavorofthepartywhodoesnotdraftthecontract

1D2D3B4A

TrueorFalse判断题

Definition概念

5Inthebroadestsense,acontractissimplyanagreementthatdefinesarelationshipbetweenoneormoreparties.（B）

Acommercialcontract,insimplestterms,ismerelyanagreementmadebyoneormorepartiesforthepurposeoftransactingbusiness.（A）

BalanceofPower实力均衡

6Incross-bordertransactions,thebalanceofpowermaytiptowardthepartywhoismostfamiliarwithwrittencontractsandwhosecountryhasamorehighlydevelopedsystemofcontractenforcement.（A）

7Inthecontextofenforcement,thebalancepfpowercanworkagainsttheweakerpartyinacontractnegotiation.Courtsandarbitratorswillenforcetermseventhoughunreasonablyburdenonepartyorevenareotherwiseunconscionable.（B）

8Contractprovisionsaretypicallygivenastrictinterpretationinfavorofthepartywhodraftedtheterms,sincethatpartyhadtheopportunitytodraftaclearanddefinitecontract.（B）

9Theessenceofacontractisthemutualunderstandingreachedbytwopartieswhoholdadversepositionsagainsteachother.Inmostcontractualsituations,thereisabalancebetweenpowersoftwoparties.（B）

NecessaryTermsandEnforcement必要条款和强制实施

10Mostjurisdictionsrequirecertaincontractstobewrittentobeenforceable.Forexample,contractsforthesaleorleaseofrealpropertymayhavetobewrittentobeenforced.（A）

11Inmostcountries,partiestocommercialtransactionsmaymaketheirownbargainsfreeoflegalrestraints.However,inmostjurisdictions,thecourtswillenforceacontractonlyifthepartieshaveagreedtofourbasicterms:

（1）Thedescriptionofthegoodsintermsoftype,quantity,andquality;

（2）Thetimeofdelivery;（3）TheInsurance;（4）TheMethodsofDisputeResolution.（B）

Cross-borderRightsandObligations跨境权利和义务

12Itisimportanttoestablishclearlytherightsandobligationsofeachpartyinacontract.Ifthesetermsareabsentorambiguous,thepartieswillprobablynotbeabletoperformthecontractwithoutfirstmodifyingtheterms.（A）

13Toavoidanunfavorableanduncertainresult,itisbesttodefineyourrightsandobligationsinawrittencontractwhenyouaredealingacrosscountryborders.（A）

Itisagoodwaytorelyontrendsorimpliedcontractterms.Youshouldnotstateyourintentinclearanddefinitewrittenterms.（B）

ChoiceofRemedies救济选择

14Thebesttimetodecidehowtohandleaconflictisatthetimethecontracthasbeenmadewhenbothpartiesholddisputestowardthebargain.（B）

Chapter2IssuesAffectingInternationalContracts

1ReadingGuidance

Summary

Theremightbemanyissuesaffectinginternationalcontracts.Thischapterintroducesthegeneralissues,suchaslegalissues,politicalissues,culturalissues,globalizationissues,andinternetissues.Bearinmind,economicorcommercialissuesareobviouslyimportanttobeconsideredinthatmostinternationalcontractsseektobeprofitable,whichistobeintroducedinthecostanalysisofchapter3.

LeadingQuestions

Ingeneral,whataretheissuesaffectinginternationalcontracts?

Whatisbusinesscultureandhowdoesitaffectinternationalcontracts?

Whatarethesignsandimplicationoftrendtowardglobalization?

Whatistheroleofpolitics?

Whatistheroleoflaws?

Whatistheroleofinternet?

Afterunderstandingtheabovequestions,howshouldthepartiestoacontractdealwiththemwhendraftingornegotiatingcontractterms?

2ReviewExercises

Choosethebestanswer选择题

1Theissuesaffectinginternationalcontractsmayinclude____________.D

A.lawsandregulationsB.politicalandeconomicissues

C.culturalandcustomsD.alloftheabove

2Togainevidenceofpersonalcommitmentincross-bordertransaction,youshouldremember___________.C

A.youmustinsistonawrittenformalorinformalcontract

B.partiesusuallyoperateinsimilarway

C.partiesusuallyoperatebydifferentbusinesspractice

D.timelyperformancealwayshasthesameimportancetotheotherpartyasitdoestoyou

3Ifyoutrytomakealong-termtraderelationshipwiththeotherparty,youshould__________.D

A.alwaystotakeafastpaceB.alwaystotakeaslowpace

C.alwaysbeaggressivetoprotectyourowninterests

D.bepatientandbeawareoftheotherparty’ssignalsthatindicateyoushouldspeeduptheprocess

4Whentrytomakeacontractwiththeotherpartyinasocietywhererelationshipsaremorevaluedthancontracts,itisalwaysnecessaryforyouto_________.C

A.sendadetailedinquirytotheotherpartyassoonaspossible

B.adheretotheletterofthecontract

C.researchthegeneralbusinesscustomsforthatcountryatfirst

Dmaketheproposedcontractyourbasisoftherelationship

5Intheareaofinternationalsalesofgoods,oneofthemostimportantdevelopmentshasbeentheadoptionbymembernationsoftheUnitedNationsofthe_________.B

A.WTOrulesB.CISGC.NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement

DUnitedStatesAndeanTradePreferenceActof1991

6TheCISGwasfinalizedattheUnitedNationsconventioninViennaon________.A

A.April11,1980B.June5,1981C.April14,1990D.July5,1983

7Amongthefollowingcontracts,whichoneisnotapplicabletotheCISG?

D

A.AsaleofsteelB.AsaleofriceC.AsaleofoilD.Asaleofstocks

8Asofinternational（contract）law,________________.D

A.CISGcoversalltheinternationaltradecontracts

B.ingeneralitiswisetorelyonthelaw,especiallyinternational,forimpliedcontractualterms

C.theintentbehindadoptinginternationallawsistocorrectthemistakesofthenationallaw

Dtheintentbehindadoptinguniform,internationallawsistoensurethatallpartiestoacross-bordertransactionaresubjecttothesamesetofrules.

9Wh