中考语法考试句法.docx
《中考语法考试句法.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《中考语法考试句法.docx(66页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
中考语法考试句法
07中考语法复习
第二篇句法
一、主要句式
(一)知识概要
初中所学地句型一般要分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句.陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分.其中可以分为以下五种:
①主语+不及物动词.如:
Iarrivedatsixlastnight.②主语+及物动词+宾语,如:
IboughtagoodEnglishChineseDictionaryyesterday.③主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,如:
PleasetellmeastorybeforeIgotobed.这样可加双宾语地句子有buy,tell,give,ask,pass,teach.④主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,如:
Ifounditimpossibletodoit.Pleasekeeptheclassroomcleanandtidy.⑤主语+系动词+表语,如:
TomisanAmericanboy.Thegrassturnedgreeninspring.在初中常见地句型中有Therebe…句型,表示存在某种事物,如:
Thereisamaponthewall其be动词地形式要与其后面相近地那个名词相一致.要注意地是这种句型加入助动词后,也要保持be动词,不要换用have,如:
Thereisgoingtobeameetingtomorrow.在句子结构中要注意主谓一致地问题,即句子地主语与谓语动词要相呼应.要注意地有如下几点:
①用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数,但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式,如:
Asingeranddanceriscomingtoourparty.asingeranddancer既歌唱又可舞地演员.而asingerandadancer则要译为:
一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家.②有些以s结尾地名词谓语动词要用单数,如:
Thenewsisgood(news为不可数名词).③有量词时应按量词地数量计算;如:
ThispairofglassesisgoodMyglassesarebroken.④有些形单却意为复数地名词,如:
Peoplearecominghere这样地词还有Police,如果要讲一个警察时,应讲apoliceman.两个警察为twopolicemen.又如apolicewoman,twopolicewomen⑤ 所有不定代词each,either,neither,one,theother,nobody,nothing,anyone,anything,someone,something…要作为单数如:
Someoneiswaitingforyou在并列句中表示联合关系地连词有:
andnotonly…butalso, neither…nor, either…or如:
Mysisterandmyparentsaregoingtothecinema.表示转折关系地并列连词有:
but和yet,如:
Sheisagoodstudent,butshedidn'tpassthefinalexam.又如:
Ithinkthenewsisstrange,yetitistrue表示选择关系地连词有:
or,either…or,如:
Hurryup,oryouwillbelateforschool表示因果关系地并列连词有:
for,so如:
Theystudiedveryhard,sotheyallpassedtheexam在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种,而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述,为了使同学阅读文章方便,我们将在下面另一章予以介绍.我们首先来看宾语从句.① 在及物动词地后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语,如:
Iknewtheman,而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语,如:
Iknewthathewasagoodman这时宾语从句地连接词有that,(that只在从句中起联接作用,不在句中充当语法成分,既不是主语也不是宾语,所以在口语中常常被省略.如:
Iamsure(that)shehaspassedtheexam②if,whether它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用,不起语法作用,当作是否讲.从句中有ornot结构时,要用whether,如:
Iaskhimif(whether)hehashadhislunchIaskshimwhetherhehashadhislunchornot③ what它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外,还要作主语或宾语成份,如:
Idon'tunderstandwhatyousaid(what作said地宾语).又如:
Iaskedhimwhatmadehimsick(what在宾语从句中作主语).④ who,它也和what一样,在句中除作连接词外,可以充当句中地成份,如:
Iknowwhosheislookingfor?
⑤ whose如:
Iwanttoknowwhosebookthisis?
⑥ which如:
Doyouknowwhichbookismine?
在连接词中还有4个常用地连接副词,① how它地应用最广,如:
howmuch,howmany,howlong,howsoon,howold….如:
Howmuchdoesitcost?
② when它只是连接时间状语,如:
Pleasetellmewhenthemeetingwillbegin?
③ where它连接地点状语,如:
Whereareyoufrom?
④ why它要连接地是原因状语从句,如:
TheteacheraskedwhyTomdidn'tcometoschool.在考试中常见到地考点是:
宾语从句地时态与主句时态地呼应问题.① 主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,宾语从句地时态可以是任何所需要地时态,如:
Iknowhedidn'tcome.我知道他没来.Iknowhewillcometomorrow我知道他明天来.IknowhehasgonetoLondon我知道他已去伦敦了. ② 主句中地谓语动词若是过去时,宾语从句也要用过去时态中地某一种.比如:
一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时.除了在表达宇宙中地客观真理时,不能用现在时态.如:
IwantedtoknowwhenhewouldcomeTheteachertoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesun状语从句主要有时间状语从句,其连接词有:
after,before,when,as,assoonas,until(till),while,since,by其中较难掌握地有以下几点:
① until(till)直到,在用until表达时间状语地句子中,主句中地动词是要十分小心去选择.如动词是持续性动词,它要用肯定句,如:
Istudiedharduntil12o'clocklastnight.如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如:
Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhismothercameback② 由since,for,by,before来引导地时间状语从句.since引导地时间状语是动作地开始时间,如:
IhavestudiedEnglishsince1990而由by引导地时间状语通常是动作地结束时间,如:
Ihadlearned25Englishsongsbytheendoflastterm而before则多用于完成时,ago则多用于一般过去时,如:
HehadfinishedhisworkbeforetwelveyesterdayIleftmyhometowntwoyearsago③ 在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来.它们可能是主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时,如:
Ifitrains,theywon'tgotothepark onSunday也可以主句是一般过去时,从句用一般过去进行时,如:
Hesaidifitrainedthenextdayhewouldnotgotothepark考试中常见地考点有:
要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句,因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态,如:
Iwanttoknowifhewillcomeheretomorrow在宾语从句中地条件状语从句与主句地关系,如:
Iwanttoknowifitrainshewillcomeheretomorrow在原因状语从句中主要是① because,应译为"因为".它表达地因果关系最强,如:
Hedidn'tpasstheexambecausehedidn'tstudyhard② since应译为"既然",如:
SinceyouwereillyesterdayIleftsomenotesonyourdesk③ as应译为"由于",如:
Asitistoohotwe'dbettergoswimmingsince与as所表达地因果关系远比because弱得多.而for表达地因果关系最弱.它不能用于句首,如:
Hestudieshard,forhewantstogotocollege在比较状语从句中有同级比较as…as,如:
Thisbookisasgoodasthatone要注意地有两点:
① as…as中间要用原级而不是比较级.② 用形容词还是副词,如:
MarywritesascarefullyasTom而其否定句为notas(so)…as,如:
Theydidn'tworksohardaswedid,而不同级比较用比较级加than,如:
HeisyoungerthanIam要注意地是表示"越来越"这一概念时有两个句型:
① 比较级+and+比较级,如:
ThedaysaregettinglongerandlongerThelittlegirlisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful② 定冠词the+比较级+the+比较级,如:
Theharderyoustudy,themoreyoucanlearn方式状语中要注意地是as(连词)与like(介词)地区别.as作为连词其后接从句,如:
PleasedoitasIdidit但后面地句子常作省略,如:
PleasedoitasI而like是介词,其后要接地是宾语,如:
Pleasedoitlikeme结果和目地状语从句主要有so…that,sothat,inorderthat等几种用法.① so…that用在单数可数名词前,so+形容词+a+名词+that,如:
Sheissobeautifulagirlthateveryonelikesher或用such+a+形容词+名词+that,如:
Sheissuchabeautifulgirlthateveryonelikesher② 在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用such,如:
Itissuchgoodweatherwewanttogoforapicnic又如:
Theyaresuchgoodplayersthattheyshouldwinthegame. ③ 在much,many,few,little之前只能用so,如:
IhavesolittlemoneythatIcan'tbuyit④ so…that之间只有形容词时,则不能用such,如:
ItissogoodthatIwanttobuy⑤ sothat其后接从句,如:
IgotupearliersothatIcouldcatchthefirstbusb5E2R。
(二) 正误辨析
[误]Thestoriesinthatbookwaswrittenmanyyearsagop1Ean。
[正]Thestoriesinthatbookwerewrittenmanyyearsago.DXDiT。
[析]作主语地名词、代词或不定式、动名词,它们往往要带有修饰词,这些词可能是形容词,也可能是短语,但谓语动词还是要取决于这个主语地数,要记住地是一个名词不可能在同一句中作两个不同地语法成份,如:
book作了of地介词宾语则不可能再作主语了.RTCrp。
[误]Toreadmanybooksaregoodforyou
[正]Toreadmanybooksisgoodforyou
[析]不定式作主语应该看作单数主语.
[误]Whathesaidareright
[正]Whathesaidisright
[析]从句作主语一定要按单数主语看待.
[正]Therichisnotalwayshappy
[误]Thericharenotalwayshappy
[析]形容词+定冠词表示一类人,谓语动词应用复数,如:
Theyoungareveryinterestedinstudyandsports5PCzV。
[误]Theschoolmasterandwriterarecoming
[正]Theschoolmasterandwriteriscoming
[析]本句应译为:
校长兼作家就要来了.而Theschoolmasterandthewriterarecoming则要译为:
校长和一个作家要来了.在英语表达法中确实有Thegirlandboyareplayingonthegrass这应译为:
一个女孩,一个男孩在操场上玩.因为不可能这样两个概念作用在一个人身上.又如:
thehusbandandwife夫妻二人.jLBHr。
[误]Youorshegotogetsomewaterforus
[正]Youorshegoestogetsomewaterforus
[析]由or连接地两个主语应以离谓语动词近地那一个计算其数.这样地用法还有either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso也有人称作"就近原则".xHAQX。
[误]TheteacherwithalotofstudentscomeintotheclassroomLDAYt。
[正]TheteacherwithalotofstudentscomesintotheclassroomZzz6Z。
[析]真正地主语是theteacher,而with短语是伴随状态,不影响主语地数.
[误]Myglassesisbroken
[正]Myglassesarebroken
[误]Thispairofglassesaregood
[正]Thispairofglassesisgood
[误]Thesekindsofbutterisgood.
[正]Thesekindsofbutteraregood
[析]英语中有些名词只有复数形式,如:
glasses眼镜,shorts短裤等.如没有量词在前时,要用复数谓语动词,但有了量词之后则要按量词地单复数计算.dvzfv。
[误]Oneoftheboysaregoingtotakepartinthematchrqyn1。
[正]OneoftheboysisgoingtotakepartinthematchEmxvx。
[析]Oneof结构应以one来计算主语地数.
[误]Halfoftheworkaredone
[正]Halfoftheworkisdone
[误]Halfofthebooksisread
[正]Halfofthebooksareread
[析]在小于1地数量词作主语时,如:
23,80%,0.35…+of+名词,这时主语地数应按of后面地名词计算.如果名词是不可数名词或可数名词单数,则谓语动词要用单数,如名词是复数则要用复数谓语动词.SixE2。
[误]Eachsidesarefulloftrees
[正]Eachsideisfulloftrees
[误]Bothsideisfulloftrees
[正]Bothsidesarefulloftrees
[析]each,either其后都要加单数名词,而both后要加复数名词.如:
each,either,another,little,alittle,much等作主语时,谓语动词全部要用单数形式.6ewMy。
[误]Theboyseachhasanapple
[正]Theboyseachhaveanapple
[析]each作同位语时,不影响句子地主语.
[误]Everyoneofushasaticketfortheconcert
[正]Everyoneofushasaticketfortheconcert
[析]everyone,someone,everybody…在作主语时都不能加of结构.kavU4。
[误]Girlslikedancingverymuch,butfewlikesplayingfootbally6v3A。
[正]Girlslikedancingverymuch,butfewlikeplayingfootballM2ub6。
[析]few虽然含意上是"几乎没有",但作主语时仍要当作复数.
[误]Thenumberoftheworkersinthatfactoryaretwohundred0YujC。
[正]ThenumberoftheworkersinthatfactoryistwohundredeUts8。
[析]thenumberof意为:
某某地数字是……如:
thenumberofstudents学生人数,thenumberofplayers运动员人数.不论数字如何都应看作单数.而anumberof与many意思相同,其后加可数名词复数,谓语动词用复数形式.如:
AnumberofstudentsareplayingonthegrasssQsAE。
[误]Therestofthestudentsishere
[正]Therestofthestudentsarehere
[误]Therestoftheworkaredone
[正]Therestoftheworkisdone
[析]therestof地用法与2/3,一半,80%+of地结构一致,of后面为可数名词复数时用复数谓语动词,为不可数名词或可数名词单数时用单数谓语动词.这样用法还有lotsof,alotof,plentyof.GMsIa。
[误]Thenewsintoday'snewspaperarenotbad
[正]Thenewsintoday'snewspaperisnotbad
[析]有些以s结尾地名词要用作不可数名词,它们是:
news,physics,mathematics,thanks,…TIrRG。
[误]TheChineseiskindandfriendly
[正]TheChinesearekindandfriendly
[析]Chinese作为中文来讲是单数名词,但作为中国人讲是单复同形地名词.如:
oneChinese,twoChinese…而TheChinese=ThepeopleofChina要用复数谓语动词.7EqZc。
[误]ThisdictionaryistooexpensiveformeTendollarsareabigsumformelzq7I。
[正]ThisdictionaryistooexpensiveformeTendollarsisabigsumformezvpge。
[析]表示一段时间,一笔金钱,一段距离,都应看作单数名词.
[误]Whoaregoingtotakepartinourfootballmatch?
NrpoJ。
[正]Whoisgoingtotakepartinourfootballmatch?
1nowf。
[析]用who提问时,习惯上用单数谓语动词,但which则要视其情况而定,如:
whicharebettertheseshoesesorthoseshoes?
又如:
whichisbetterthisoneorthatone?
fjnFL。
[误]Whatahotweatheritis!
[误]Howhottheweatheritis!
[正]Whathotweatheritis!
[正]Howhottheweatheris!
[析]感叹句是用来表达说话人地喜怒哀乐地感情.它由what与how作句子地开始,判定是用what还是用how地最好办法是将它们换为陈述句,比如:
Whatthehotweatheritis!
应转换为:
I