英语词汇学复习资料.docx

英语词汇学复习资料.docx

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英语词汇学复习资料

第一章

1.Word---Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

Thewordisanuninterruptibleunit.Thewordmayconsistofoneormoremorphemes.Thewordoccurstypicallyinthestructureofphrases.

2.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.

3.Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.

（Atleast80%oftheEnglishwordsfitconsistentspellingpatterns）

a）.theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.

b）.Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspelling

c）.Influenceoftheworkofscribes/printingfreezesthespellingofwordsin1500

d）.Borrowingofforeignlanguage

4.Vocabulary---Vocabularyismostcommonlyusedtorefertothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivensubjectandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory.

ThegeneralestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.

Ë5.ClassificationofWords—byusefrequency,bynotion,byorigin

1）.Basicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabulary.

1. allnationalcharacter（mostimportant）– naturalphenomena

mostcommonthingsandphenomenaofthe   humanbodyandrelations

worldaroundus     namesofplantsandanimals

   action,size,domain,state   numerals,pronouns,prep.,conj.

2. stability–theydonatethecommonestthingnecessarytolife,theyareliketoremainunchanged.Onlyrelative,someareundergoingsomechanges.Butthechangeisslow.

e.g. arrow,bow,chariot,knight–past electricity,machine,car,plane--now

3. productivity–theyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords,  theycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.

        e.g. foot–football,footage,footpath,footer

4. polysemy–oftenpossessmorethanonemeaning.Becomepolysemous.

        e.g. take tomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanothertoremove

5. collocability–quiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingandothers

e.g. heart–achangeofheart,aheartofgold

Non-basicvocabulary--

1. terminology–technicalterms

photoscanning,hepatitis,indigestion,penicillin,algebra,trigonometry,calculus

2. jargon–specializedvocabularyincertainprofessions.

Bottomline,ballparkfigures,bargainingchips,holdhimback,holdhimin,paranoid

3. slang--substandardwordsoftenusedininformaloccasions

doughandbread,grassandpot,beaver,smoky,bear,catch,holler,Roger,X-rays,

Certainwordsarelabeledslangbecauseoftheirusage.

4. argot–wordsusedbysub-culturedgroups

can-opener,dip,persuader

cant,jargon,argotareassociatedwith,ormostavailableto,specificgroupsofthepopulation.

5. dialectalwords–onlybyspeakersofthedialect

beauty,chook,cocky,station,auld,build,coo,hame,lough,bog

6. archaisms–wordsnolongerincommonuseorrestrictedinuse.Inolderpoems,legaldocumentandreligiouswritingorspeech.

7. neologism–newlycreatedwordswithnewmeaninge.g.microelectronics,futurology,  AIDS,internet,E-mail oldmeaningacquirednewmeaninge.g.mouse,monitor

2）.Contentword（notionalword）–denoteclearnotions.

Functionalword（emptyword,formword）–donothavenotionsoftheirown,expresstherelationbetweennotions,wordsandsentences.

a. ContentwordsconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularyarenumerous.Functionalwordsareinasmallnumber.

b. Contentwordsaregrowing.Functionalwordsremainstable.

c. Functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressionthancontentwords.

3）.Nativewords–arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe15centurybytheGermantribes.  Ango-SaxonWords,50,000-60,000

Whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativeworld.Moreare 

1. neutralinstyle  （notstylisticalspecific）

2. 2.frequentinuse（inacademicfieldsandscienceFrench,LatinorGreekareused）（usage70-90%）

Borrowedwords（loanwords,borrowing）–wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguage.80%

Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing,wecanbringtheloanwordsunder4classes.

1.Denizens–wordsborrowedearlyandnowarewellassimilatedintoEnglishlanguage.

e.g. port from portus（L） shift,change,shirt,pork

 cup from cuppa（L）

2.Aliens–retainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling

e.g. décor（F）  blitzkreeg（G） emir,intermez,rowtow,bazaar,rajar,statusquo

3.translationloans–formedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.  

1）.Wordtranslatedaccordingtothemeaning

e.g. mothertough from linguamaternal（L）

 blackhumor from humornoir  

 longtimenosee,surplusvalue,masterpiece

2）.Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesound

e.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ） lama from lama（Tib） ketchuptea

4.Semanticloans–theirmeaningareborrowedfromanotherlanguage

e.g. stupid old dump  new sassy dream old joyandpeace pioneer old explorer/persondoingpioneeringwork  new amemberoftheyoungpioneer fresh old impertinent,sassy,cheeky

第二章

Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily（Europe,theNearEast,India）

Balto–Slavic  Indo-Iranian  Italic   GermanicPrussian   Persian   Portuguese  Norwegian

Lithuanian  Hindi   Spanish   IcelandiePolish      Italian   Danish

Bulgarian     Roumanian  SwedishSlovenian     French   English

Russian         German       Albanian      Armenian            Celtic       Hellenic

Irish       Greek            Breton               Scottish

2.History（时间，历史事件，特征）

1）OldEnglish（450-1150）totally50,000-60,000words

The1stpeopleknowntoinhabitEnglandwereCelts,thelanguagewasCeltic.

ThesecondlanguagewastheLatinoftheRomanLegions.

TheGermanictribescalledangles,SaxonsandJutesandtheirlanguage,Anglo-SaxondominatedandblottedouttheCeltic.NowpeoplerefertoAnglo-SaxonasoldEnglish.

Attheendof6thcentury,theintroductionofChristianityhasagreatimpactontheEnglishvocabulary.

Thecommonpracticewastocreatenewwordsbycombiningtwonativewords.

Inthe9thcentury,manyScandinavianwordscameintoEnglish.Atleast900wordsofScandinavianareinmodernEnglish,ourdailylifeandspeech.

特点:

 highlyinflectedlanguage

 complexendingsorvowelchanges（fullending）

2）MiddleEnglish（1150-1500） English,Latin,French

Until1066,althoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin,theinfluenceonEnglishwasmainlyGermanic.ButtheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.

Bytheendofthe13thcentury,Englishgraduallycomebackintopublicareas.

Between1250and150about9000wordsofFrenchorigincomeintoEnglish.75%ofthemaretillinusetoday.

Asmanyas2500wordsofDutchorigincomeintoEnglish.

特点:

 fewerinflections

 leveledending

3）ModernEnglish（1500-uptonow） earlymodernEnglish（1500-1700）

latemodernEnglish（1700-uptonow）

TheRenaissance,LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld’sgreatliteraryheritage.

TheIndustrialRevolutionwasinthemid-17century.Withthegrowthofcolonization,Britishtentaclesbeganastretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe,thusenablingEnglishtoabsorbwordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.

AfterWorldWarII,manynewwordshavebeencreatedtoexpressnewideas,inventionsandscientificachievements.

Morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.  

thousandsandthousandsofnewwordshavebeenenteredtoexpressnewideasinventions,andscientificachievements.

morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.

inmodernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexceptionsEnglishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage.

scienceandtechnologytermsmakeupabout45%ofnewwords.wordsassociatedwithlife-styleconstituteof24%andsocialandeconomictermsamounttoover10%.

mentionshouldbemadeofanoppositeprocessofdevelopmenti.e.oldwordsfallingoutifuse.  

特点:

 endingarealmostlost.

3.Threemainsourcesnewwords

1.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology

2.Social,economicandpoliticalchanges

3.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages

4.Threemodesofvocabularydevelopment

1. Creation–theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.（Thisisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.）

2. Semanticchange-anoldformwhichtakeonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.

3. Borrowing–totakeinwordsfromotherlanguages.（particularlyinearliertime）

4. （Revivingarchaicorobsolete）

French30%,Latin8%,JapaneseItalian7%,Spanish6%,GermanGreek5%,RussianYiddish4%

第三章

1.Morpheme---Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.（Thesmallestfunctionalunitinthecompositionofwords.）

2.Morph---Amorphememustberealizedbydiscreteunits.Theseactualspokenminimalcarriersofmeaningaremorphs.

3.Monomorphenicwords–morphemesarerealizedbysinglemorphs.

4.Allomorph---Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirposition.Suchalternativemorphsareallomorphemes.E.g.themorphemeofplurality（-s）hasanumberifallomorphemesindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incats/s/,inbags/z/,inmatches/iz/.

5.FreemorphemesorFreeroot---Themorphemeshavecompletemeaningandvanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences,e.g.cat,walk.Theyareidenticalwithrootwords.morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesa