词汇学考试整理.docx

词汇学考试整理.docx

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词汇学考试整理

词汇学整理

一、选择题25题25分

1.从规约走向描述的里程碑词典是：

OED（P.237）

2.同义词的特征？

（P.125）

Synonymouswordgroupacommondenotativecomponentbringsthewordstogether.

3.习语的特征？

（P.190）

Idiomsareusuallysemanticallyopaqueandarecharacterizedbystructuralinvariability.

4.古代英语

Archaicwordsarewordsnolongerincommonuse,howevertheyareretainedforspecialpurpose,theyaresometimesemployedinpoetry,businessletters,legaldocuments,religiousspeeches,andprose,（markedarch.Oraic.）whereasobsoletewordsjustrefertothewordscompletelyoutofcurrentuse.markedobs.（olete.）ordatedinadictionary.

5.语境的分类（P.152-P155）

Linguistic（orverbal）contextsorextra-linguistic（ornonverbal）candeterminethemeaningsofwords,esp.thoseofpolysemouswords.

1.Linguistic（orverbal）contexts:

Lexicalcontext,

Lexicalcontextreferstothelexicalitemscombinedwithagivenpolysemousword.（seetheexamplesof"make"onp.153）

Grammaticalcontext,

Ingrammaticalcontext,thesyntacticstructureofthecontextdeterminesvariousindividualmeaningsofapolysemousword.（seetheexamplesof"take"invarioussettingsonp.153）However,itisnotsufficienttoindicatealltheindividualmeaningsofagivenword.（seetheexamplesconcerningthedifferentmeaningsofthesamepattern"get+n."onp.154）

Verbalcontext

Theverbalcontext,initsbroadestsense,maycoveranentirepassag,orevenanentirebook,andinsomecaseseventheentiresocialorculturalsetting,asstatedatthebeginningofthechapter.

2.Extra-linguistic/contextofsituation:

1）Theactualspeechsituationinwhichaword（oranutterance,oraspeechevent）occurs.（seetheexampleof"operation"onp.155）

2）Theentireculturalbackgroundagainstwhichaword,oranutteranceoraspeecheventhastobeset（seetheexampleof"peasant"and"farmer"onp.156）

6.?

两个单词有相同的部分，根据什么来猜意义？

Componentialanalysisandsemanticfeatures

7.理据？

（P.94-95）

Motivationcanbeclassifiedintothreetypes:

1）Phoneticmotivation;

Wordsmotivatedphoneticallyarecalledechoicwordsoronomatopoeicwords,whosepronunciationsuggeststhemeaning.

2）Morphologicalmotivation;

Wesaythatthewordismorphologicallymotivated,foradirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.

Ifweknowthemeaningoftheaffixandthebase,thenwecanimmediatelythemeaningofthisword.

3）Semanticmotivation.

Semanticmotivationreferstomotivationbasedonsemanticfactors

Thefigurativeusagecanprovidesemanticmotivation;thefigurativemeaningcanbereadilyunderstoodbythosewhoknowtheliteralmeaning.

8.研究多义的两个方法

Theyare:

1）diachronic;历时角度2）synchronic.共时角度（P.110）

1）diachronic

Thestudyofthegrowthorchangeinthesemanticstructureofaword,orthestudyofhowthesemanticstructureofawordhasdevelopedfromaprimarymeaningtothepresentpolysemicstate,i.e.withderivedmeaningspringingfromtheoriginalmeaning.Thiswayofstudyiscalleddiachronicapproaches.（primarymeaningandthepresentpolysemicmeaning）

Synchronically,weareinterestedinthecomparativevalueofindividualmeaningsandtheinterrelationbetweenthecentralmeaningandsecondarymeaning.

9.习语的文体特征？

（P.206）

Stylisticfeature

Mostidiomsarestylisticallyneutral,butquiteanumberofthembelongtoinformalspokenEnglish.

Afewidiomssuggestadignifiedandelevatedtone,andareusedonformaloccasions,e.g.

Someidiomsphrasesareslangy.

Stylisticfeatureofidioms,however,areconstantlyshifting,andwhatisslangtodaymayinformaltomorrow.

10.词义变化的内部要素（原因）？

Linguisticcause:

（P172-175）

Changeofmeaningisfrequentlybroughtaboutbytwotendenciesinalinguisticsystem;towardsellipsisandtowardanalogy.

Ellipsisasacauseofsemanticchangeoftenoccursinhabitualcollection,suchasadjective+noun,orattributivenoun+noun,inwhichthenounisdeletedandonlythefirstelement（theattributive）isleft,butretainingthesenseofthewholephrase.

Theanalogicaltendencyisalsoconstantlyatwork.Newmeaningsdevelopedinonepartofspeecharepassedontootherpartsofspeechfromthesamelexicalbase.

11.词素的分类？

（P.28）

12.修辞?

明喻Simile：

Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic（特性）incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体（tenor）和喻体（vehicle）之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。

常用比喻词like,as,asif,asthough等

2）Metaphor：

（暗喻）Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。

Forexample,theworldisastage./Thediamonddepartmentwastheheartandcenterofthestore.

3）Analogy:

（类比）Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.

4）Personification:

（拟人）Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes（赋予）toinanimate（无生命的）objects,ortoideasandabstractions（抽象）.拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。

5）Hyperbole:

（夸张）Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。

1、Mybloodfroze.我的血液都凝固了。

6）Understatement:

（含蓄陈述）Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately（故意地）understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.Forinstance,Itisnolaughingmatter.

7）Euphemism:

（委婉）Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive（无冒犯）expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.Forinstance,wereferto"die"as”passaway".

8）Metonymy（转喻）Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.Forinstance,thepen（words）ismightierthanthesword（forces）.借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。

9）Synecdoche（提喻）Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。

1、TheGreatWallwasmadenotonlyofstonesandearth,butofthefleshandbloodofmillionsofmen.长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。

句中的“thefleshandblood”喻为“thegreatsacrifice”（巨大的牺牲）Forinstance,theysaythere'sbreadandworkforall.Shewasdressedinsilks.

10）Antonomasia（换喻/替代）Ithasalsotodowithsubstitution.Itisnotoftenmentionednow,thoughitisstillinfrequentuse.In?

rhetoric,?

antonomasia?

isasubstitutionofany?

epithet?

orphraseforapropername.Thereverseprocessisalsosometimescalledantonomasia.Antonomasiaisaparticularformof?

metonymy.Forexample,Solomonforawiseman.Danielforawiseandfairjudge.Judasforatraitor.

11）Pun:

（双关语）Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.双关语（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。

Napoleonwasastonished.”Eitheryouaremad,orIam,”hedeclared.“Both，sir!

”criedtheSwedeproudly.“Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。

Forinstance,acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.（Here"arms"hastwomeanings:

aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.）/Napoleonwasastonished.”Eitheryouaremad,orIam,”hedeclared.“Both，sir!

”criedtheSwedeproudly.“Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役

Alliteration:

（头韵）Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervals（间隔）andsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound,itisalsocalled"frontrhyme".Forinstance,thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,thefurrowfollowedfree.头韵法（alliteration）在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。

押韵（rhyme），A?

rhyme?

isarepetitionofsimilarsoundsintwoormorewordsandismostoftenusedin?

poetry?

and?

songs.?

赘述（tautology）A?

rhetorical?

tautologycanalsobedefinedasaseriesofstatementsthatcompriseanargument,wherebythestatementsareconstructedinsuchawaythatthetruthofthepropositionisguaranteedorthatthetruthofthepropositioncannotbedisputedbydefiningatermintermsofanotherself-referentially.

13.单词的定义：

Awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning（bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning）,capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.

14.rootstembase的区别（P.33）

Root:

"Arootisaformwhichisnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphology.Itisthatpartofaword-formthatremainswhenalltheinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Arootisthebasicpartalwayspresentinalexeme."（i.e.desireistherootinthewordundesirable,-ableisthesuffix,un-istheprefix）

Stem:

Bauerdefines"stem"as"Astemisofconcernonlywhendealingwithinflectionalmorphology….Inflectional（butnotderivational）affixesareaddedtoit:

itisthepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved."（I.e.inthewordundesirable,thestemisundesirable;intheworddesired,thestemisdesire.）

Base:

Basemaybedefinedas"aformtowhicharuleofword-formationisapplied".Thismeansthatanyrootorstemcanbetermedabase.

15.搞清四个术语terminology，neologism，morphology，etymology

Etymology:

Thestudyoftheoriginofwords