托福阅读模拟试题及答案卷十六.docx

托福阅读模拟试题及答案卷十六.docx

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托福阅读模拟试题及答案卷十六

2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷十六）

　　PASSAGE84

　　ThelackofprintingregulationsandtheunenforceabilityofBritishcopyrightlawintheAmericancoloniesmadeitpossibleforcolonialprintersoccasionallytoactaspublishers.AlthoughtheyrarelyundertookmajorpublishingprojectbecauseitwasdifficulttosellbooksascheaplyastheycouldbeimportedfromEurope,printersinPhiladelphiadidpublishworkthatrequiredonlysmallamountsofcapital,paper,andtype.Broadsidescouldbepublishedwithminimalfinancialrisk.Consistingofonlyonesheetofpaperandrequiringsmallamountsoftype,broadsidesinvolvedlowerinvestmentsofcapitalthanlongerworks.Furthermore,thebroadsideformatlentitselftosubjectsofhigh,iftemporary,interest,enablingthemtomeetwithreadysale.Ifthebroadsideprintermiscalculated,however,andproducedasheetthatdidnotsell,itwasnotlikelytobeamajorloss,andtheprinterwouldknowthisimmediately,Therewouldbenoagonizingwaitwithlargeamountsofcapitaltiedup,booksgatheringdustontheshelves,andcreditorsimpatientforpayment.

　　Inadditiontobroadsides,booksandpamphlets,consistingmainlyofpoliticaltracts,catechisms,primers,andchapbookswererelativelyinexpensivetoprintandtobuy.Chapbookswerepamphlet-sizedbooks,usuallycontainingpopulartales,ballads,poems,shortplays,andjokes,small,bothinformalandnumberofpages,theyweregenerallyboundsimply,inboards（aformofcardboard）ormerelystitchedinpaperwrappers（asewnantecedentofmodern-daypaperbacks）.Pamphletsandchapbooksdidnotrequirefinepaperoragreatdealoftypetoproducetheycouldthusbeprintedinlarge,cost-effectiveeditionsandsoldcheaply.

　　Byfar,themostappealingpublishinginvestmentsweretobefoundinsmallbooksthathadproventobesteadysellers,providingareasonablyreliablesourceofincomeforthepublisher.Theywouldnot,bynature,behighlytopicalorpolitical,assuchpublicationswouldproveoffleetinginterest.Almanacs,annualpublicationsthatcontainedinformationonastronomyandweatherpatternsarrangedaccordingtothedays,week,andmonthsofagivenyear,providedtheperfectsteadysellerbecausetheirinformationpertainedtothelocaleinwhichtheywouldbeused.

　　1.Whichaspectofcolonialprintingdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

　　（A）Lawsgoverningtheprintingindustry.

　　（B）Competitionamongprinters

　　（C）Typesofpublicationsproduced

　　（D）Advancesinprintingtechnology

　　2.Accordingtothepassage,whydidcolonialprintersavoidmajorpublishingprojects?

　　（A）Fewcolonialprintersownedprintingmachinerythatwaslargeenoughtohandlemajorprojects.

　　（B）Therewasinadequateshippingavailableinthecolonies.

　　（C）Colonialprinterscouldnotselltheirworkforacompetitiveprice.

　　（D）Colonialprintersdidnothavetheskillsnecessarytoundertakelargepublishingprojects.

　　3.Broadsidescouldbepublishedwithlittlerisktocolonialprintersbecausethey

　　（A）requiredasmallfinancialinvestmentandsoldquickly

　　（B）wereingreatdemandinEuropeanmarkets

　　（C）weremorepopularwithcoloniststhanchapbooksandpamphlets

　　（D）generallydealtwithtopicsoflong-terminteresttomanycolonists

　　4.Theword"they"inline17refersto

　　（A）chapbooks

　　（B）tales

　　（C）jokes

　　（D）pages

　　5.Theword"antecedent"inline19isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）predecessor

　　（B）format

　　（C）imitation

　　（D）component

　　6.ChapbooksproducedincolonialAmericawerecharacterizedby

　　（A）finepaper

　　（B）cardboardcovers

　　（C）elaboratedecoration

　　（D）alargenumberofpages

　　7.Theword"appealing"inline22isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）dependable

　　（B）respectable

　　（C）enduring

　　（D）attractive

　　8.Whatwere"steadysellers"（line23）?

　　（A）Printerswhoseincomeswerequitelarge

　　（B）PeoplewhotraveledfromtowntotownsellingBooksandpamphlets

　　（C）InvestorswhoprovidedreliablefinancialSupportfornewprinters

　　（D）Publicationswhosesaleswereusuallyconsistentfromyeartoyear

　　9.Theword"locale"inline28isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）topic

　　（B）season

　　（C）interest

　　（D）place

　　10.AllofthefollowingaredefinedinthepassageEXCEPT

　　（A）"Broadsides"（line6）

　　（B）"catechisms"（line15）

　　（C）"chapbooks"（linel6）

　　参考答案：

CCAAABDDDB

　PASSAGE83

　　Theeconomicdepressioninthelate-nineteenth-centuryUnitedStatescontributedsignificantlytoagrowingmovementinliteraturetowardrealismandnaturalism.Afterthe1870's,anumberofimportantauthorsbegantorejecttheromanticismthathadprevailedimmediatelyfollowingtheCivilWarof1861-1865andturnedinsteadtorealism.Determinedtoportraylifeasitwas,withfidelitytoreallifeandaccuraterepresentationwithoutidealization,theystudiedlocaldialects,wrotestorieswhichfocusedonlifeinspecificregionsofthecountry,andemphasizedthe"true"relationshipsbetweenpeople.Indoingso,theyreflectedbroadertrendsinthesociety,suchasindustrialization,evolutionarytheorywhichemphasizedtheeffectoftheenvironmentonhumans,andtheinfluenceofscience.

　　RealistssuchasJoelChandlerHarrisandEllenGlasgowdepictedlifeintheSouth,HamlinGarlanddescribedlifeontheGreatPlains,andSarahOrneJewettwroteabouteverydaylifeinruralNewEngland.Anotherrealist,BretHarte,achievedfamewithstoriesthatportrayedlocallifeintheCaliforniaminingcamps.

　　SamuelClemens,whoadoptedthepennameMarkTwain,becamethecountry'smostoutstandingrealistauthor,observinglifearoundhimwithahumorousandskepticaleye.Inhisstoriesandnovels,Twaindrewonhisownexperiencesanduseddialectandcommonspeechinsteadofliterarylanguage,touchingoffamajorchangeinAmericanprosestyle.

　　Otherwritersbecameimpatientevenwithrealism.Pushingevolutionarytheorytoitslimits,theywroteofaworldinwhichacruelandmercilessenvironmentdeterminedhumanfate.Thesewriters,callednaturalists,oftenfocusedoneconomichardship,studyingpeoplestrugglingwithpoverty,andotheraspectsofurbanandindustriallife.Naturalistsbroughttotheirwritingapassionfordirectandhonestexperience.

　　TheodoreDreiser,theforemostnaturalistwriter,innovelssuchasSisterCarrie,grimlyportrayedadarkworldinwhichhumanbeingsweretossedaboutbyforcesbeyondtheirunderstandingorcontrol.Dreiserthoughtthatwritersshouldtellthetruthabouthumanaffairs,notfabricateromance,andSisterCarrie,hesaid,was"notintendedasapieceofliterarycraftsmanship,butwasapictureofconditions."

　　1.Whichaspectoflate-nineteenth-centuryUnitedStatesliteraturedoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

　　（A）Theinfluenceofscienceonliterature

　　（B）Theimportanceofdialectsforrealistwriters

　　（C）Theemergenceofrealismandnaturalism

　　（D）Theeffectsofindustrializationonromanticism

　　2.Theword"prevailed"inline4isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）dominated

　　（B）transformed

　　（C）entered

　　（D）generalized

　　3.Theword"they"inline8refersto

　　（A）authors

　　（B）dialects

　　（C）stories

　　（D）relationships

　　4.Accordingtothepassage,ahighlysignificantfactorinthedevelopmentofrealistandnaturalistliteraturewas

　　（A）theCivilWar

　　（B）arecognitionthatromanticismwasunpopular

　　（C）anincreasedinterestinthestudyofcommonspeech

　　（D）aneconomicdepression

　　5.RealistwriterstookaninterestinallofthefollowingEXCEPT

　　（A）humanrelationships

　　（B）characteristicsofdifferentregions

　　（C）theidealizationoflife

　　（D）socialandhistoricaltheories

　　6.Theword"depicted"inline11isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）emphasized

　　（B）described

　　（C）criticized

　　（D）classified

　　7.Whydoestheauthormentionminingcampsinline14?

　　（A）Tocontrastthethemesofrealistandnaturalistwriters

　　（B）ToillustratehowBretHartedifferedfromotherauthors

　　（C）Asanexampleofatopictakenupbyrealistwriters

　　（D）Asanexampleofhowsettingcaninfluenceliterarystyle

　　8.WhichofthefollowingwroteaboutlifeinruralNewEngland?

　　（A）EllenGlasgow

　　（B）SarahOrneJewett

　　（C）HamlinGarland

　　（D）MarkTwain

　　9.MarkTwainisconsideredanimportantliteraryfigurebecausehe

　　（A）wasthefirstrealistwriterintheUnitedStates

　　（B）rejectedromanticismasaliteraryapproach

　　（C）wrotehumorousstoriesandnovels

　　（D）influencedAmericanprosestylethroughhisuseofcommonspeech

　　10.Theword"foremost"inline25isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）mostdifficult

　　（B）interesting

　　（C）mostfocused

　　（D）leading

　　11.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutTheodoreDreiserissupportedbythepassage?

　　（A）HemainlywroteabouthistoricalsubjectssuchastheCivilWar.

　　（B）Hisnovelsoftencontainedelementsofhumor.

　　（C）Heviewedhimselfmoreasasocialcommentatorthanasaliteraryartist.

　　（D）Hebelievedwritersshouldemphasizethepositiveaspectsoflife.

　　参考答案：

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　PASSAGE82

　　（30）

　　Ethologyisconcernedwiththestudyofadaptive,orsurvival,valueofbehavioranditsevolutionaryhistory.Ethologicaltheorybegantobeappliedtoresearchonchildreninthe1960'sbuthasbecomeevenmoreinfluentialtoday.TheoriginsofethologycanbetracedbacktotheworkofDarwin.ItsmodernfoundationswerelaidbytwoEuropeanzoologists,KonradLorenzandNikoTinbergen.

　　Watchingthebehaviorsdiverseanimalspeciesintheirnaturalhabitats,Lorenz,andTinbergenobservedbehaviorpatternsthatpromotesurvival.Themostwell-knownoftheseisimprinting,theearlyfollowingbehaviorofcertainbabybirdsthatensuresthattheyoungwillstayclosetot