法学院入学考试LSAT绝密阅读笔记.docx
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法学院入学考试LSAT绝密阅读笔记
法学院入学考试(LSAT)绝密阅读笔记1
一、阅读准备:
1.新东方内部教材:
gre北美题、国内题
2.英语杂志:
time、newsweek、nationalgeology、scientificamerican
3.英语教材:
newconceptenglish(book4)
二、文章分类
按题材分
a.humanity:
文学艺术;esp.文学评论
b.socialscience:
美国历史;e.g.南北战争
弱势群体;esp.黑人、女性
法律;e.g.法律史
c.naturalscience
d.lifescience
按写法分
a.presentation:
全文仅有一种观点、一种声音
b.argumentation:
多种声音、观点并存
按考种分
详见后
三、阅读原则
至少三遍原则
先做一遍,对答案
再认真阅读一遍
课堂上分析后再读一遍
头脑空白原则
一切以文章内容为依据,唯一的依据
顺序原则
先看文,后做题(与托福不同,因是逻辑阅读)
先判定套路,后看文:
即先阅读全文开头,每段开头
总结:
总结主题句(段落主题句,全文主题句)
总结关键字(每段的keywords)
总结结构(每个段落在全文中的作用)
总结人物(可用首字母表示)
四、阅读环节
重要的是做阅读笔记,按笔记答题
记录要点:
记主题句(段落主题句,全文主题句)(可划线表示)
记关键词(可用缩写表示)
记强对比(逻辑上的)(可用a≠b表示)
表示强对比的词汇:
onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,contrast
e.g.redberriesstandinginvividcontrastagainstthesnow.
时间状语也可表示强对比,如说五十年前如何,后说五十年后又如何
人数多少也可表示强对比,如说mostpeople…,后说but…
记强转折(可用a△b表示)
表示强转折的词汇:
however,yet,while,but
表示让步的词汇:
though,although
unless,nonetheless
despite,inspiteof
instead
infact,actually
e.g.hesaidhewouldpay,butinpointoffacthehasnomoney.
actually,fewofusadmitthatexaminationscancontributeanythingreallyimportanttothestudents'academicdevelopment.
极端转折
a,butb,表示b重要。
在lsat中,常有a与b两项完全相反,所谓极端转折,此时可只看转折后的b项
多重转折
a,butb,whilec,infactd.这时前几重转折无用,只看最后一重d。
记因果关系(如a因,b果,可用a→b表示)
表示因果关系的词汇有:
a.conclude(conclusive,conclusion)
consequence(consequent,consequently),hence
e.g.mr.fosterhasneverbeentochina.consequently/henceheknowsverylittleaboutit.
resultin,resultfrom:
“aresultinb”means“a→b”;“aresultfromb”means“b→a”
e.g.nothinghasresultedfromhisefforts.
actingbeforethinkingalwaysresultsinfailure.
liein:
“aliesinb”means“b→a”
reflect(reflection):
“areflectsb”means“b→a”
e.g.thechild'sbadbehaviorreflectsonhisbadhometraining.
factor:
“aisb’sfactor”means“a→b”
e.g.herfriendlymannerisanimportantfactorinherrapidsuccess.
记评价(在lsat中总有评价存在)
正评价(用⊕表示)
负评价(用表示)
有正有负的评价,即混合评价
正评价强于负评价(用⊕>来表示)
负评价强于正评价(用>⊕来表示)
记标点
“”的作用
引用原文(可助解时间题)
强调作用(可助解信息题)
表示负评价
:
或;的作用:
可表示因果关系
()的作用:
注释,括号中内容不看,可用——划去
——的作用:
——……——,其中……内容不看,可用——划去
法学院入学考试(LSAT)绝密阅读笔记2
必看与不看的句子
判断句必看
有系动词(be,remain)的是判断句,尤其在段落或文章开头部分更要重点阅读,这往往是主题句
e.g.thesemattersremainindoubt.
有情态动词(can,cannot,may,must)的是判断句
有自由褒贬词的是判断句:
所谓自由指它可以游离于句子之外,句子缺少了它依然成立;所谓褒贬指它本身有评价色彩,多为形容词和副词
e,g,your(brazen/penetrating)view(successfully/curiously)changedmyattitude.
记强调性语言
最高级,比较级;如most,first,than,last,atmost,morethan,lessthan
morethan,lessthan:
与其说……,不如说……
e.g.itismorebecauseathanbecauseb.这是更因为a,强调a
ihavelesscontactwithathanwithb.与b联系更多,强调b
equal(equality)
唯一性:
only,unique,sole,exclusive
这些强调性语言在文中出现得少,但在选项中出现机会多,所以如选项中有most,文章、笔记中无,就可排除此选项
记专用名词(用缩略语记)
人名用首字母表示
物种用首字母表示
化学物质用前两个字母表示,但基本的如protein,carbondioxide等仍需了解
五、例题讲解
book1,reading3,p71
women'sparticipationintherevolutionaryeventsinfrancebetween1789and1795hasonlyrecentlybeengivennuancedtreatment.earlytwentiethcenturyhistoriansofthefrenchrevolutionaretypifiedbyjaures(o(j)),who,though(△)sympathetic(⊕)tothewomen'smovementofhisowntimenever(>⊕)evenmentionsitsantecedentsinrevolutionaryfrance.eventodaymostgeneralhistoriestreatonlycursorilyafewindividualwomen,likemarie(m)antoinette.//therecentstudiesbylandes,badinter,godineau,androudinesco(n(l,b,g,r)),however(△),shouldsignalamuch-needed(⊕)reassessmentofwomen'sparticipation.
godineauandroudinescopointtothreesignificantphasesinthatparticipation.thefirst,uptomid-1792,involvedthosewomenwhowrotepoliticaltracts.typicaloftheirorientationtotheoreticalissues--ingodlneaus'sview,withoutpracticaleffect--ismariegouze'sdeclarationoftherightofwomen.theemergenceofvocalmiddle-classwomen'spoliticalclubsmarksthesecondphase.formedin1791asadjunctsofmiddle-classmalepoliticalclubs,andoriginallyphilanthropicinfunction,bylate1792independentclubsofwomenbegantoadvocatemilitaryparticipationforwomen.inthefinalphase,thefamineof1795occasionedamasswomen'smovement;womenseizedfoodsupplies,holdofficialshostage,andarguedfortheimplementationofdemocraticpolitics.thisphaseendedinmayof1795withthemilitarysuppressionofthismulticlassmovement.inallthreephaseswomen'sparticipationinpoliticscontrasted(≠)markedlywiththeirparticipationbefore1789.beforethatdatesomenoble-womenparticipatedindirectlyinelections,but(△)suchparticipationbymorethannarrowrangeofthepopulation--womenormen--cameonlywiththerevolution.(g,r)
whatmakestherecentstudiesparticularlycompelling(⊕),however,isnotsomuch(theirorganizationofchronology)(a)as(theirunflinchingwillingnesstoconfrontthereasonsforthecollapseofthewomen'smovement)(b).forlandesandbadinter,thenecessityofwomen’shavingtospeakintheestablishedvocabulariesofcertainintellectualandpoliticaltraditionsdiminishedtheabilityofthewomen'smovementtoresistsuppression.manywomen,andmanymen,theyargue,locatedtheirvisionwithintheconfiningtraditionofjean-jacquesrousseau,wholinkedmaleandfemaleroleswithpublicandprivatespheresrespectively.but,whenwomenwentontomakepoliticalallianceswithradicaljacobinmen,badinterasserts,theyadoptedavocabularyandviolentlyextremistviewpointthatunfortunatelywasevenmoredamagingtotheirpoliticalinterests.(l,b)
eachofthesescholarshasdifferentpoliticalagendaandtakesadifferentapproach-godineau,forexample,workswithpolicearchiveswhileroudinescousesexplanatoryschemafrommodernpsychology.yet(△)admirably(⊕),eachgivescenterstagetogroupthatpreviouslyhasbeenmarginalized,oratbestundifferentiated,byhistorians.andinthecaseoflandesandbadinter,thereaderisleftwithasoberingawarenessofthecosttothewomenoftherevolutionofspeakinginborrowedvoices.(总结)
上文属新老观点对立型,它往往是喜新厌旧(过去的观点常错)、标新立异(多数人的观点常错),同情弱者。
阅读步骤:
先判定套路(新老观点对立型)
看层次
标出强对立(如contrast)
注意比较(not,somuchas)
法学院入学考试(LSAT)绝密阅读笔记3
14.whichoneofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointofthepassage?
此题属主题题,主题题的做法为:
三出现原则:
在选项中重要的关键词必须出现
细节不能出现
新内容不能出现
(a)accordingtorecenthistoricalstudies,theparticipationofwomenintherevolutionaryeventsof1789-1795canmostprofitablybeviewedinthreesuccessivestages.
(b)thefindingsofcertainrecenthistoricalstudieshaveresultedfromanearliergeneral.reassessment,byhistorians,ofwomen'sparticipationintherevolutionaryeventsof1789-1795.
(c)adoptingthevocabularyandviewpointofcertainintellectualandpoliticaltraditionsresultedinnopoliticaladvantageforwomeninfranceintheyears1789-1795.
(d)certainrecenthistoricalstudieshaveprovidedamuch-neededdescriptionandevaluationoftheevolvingrolesofwomenintherevolutionaryeventsof1789-1795.
(e)historicalstudiesthatseektoexplainthelimitationsofthewomen'smovementinfranceduringtheyears1789-1795aremuchmoreconvincingthanarethosethatseekonlytodescribethegeneralfeaturesofthatmovement.
15.thepassagesuggeststhatgodineauwouldbelikelytoagreewithwhichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutmariegouze'sdeclarationoftherightsofwomen?
此题属信息题,回笔记中定位
(a)thisworkwasnotunderstoodbymanyofgouze'scontemporaries.
(b)thisworkindirectlyinspiredtheformationofindependentwomen'spoliticalclubs.
(c)thisworkhadlittleimpactontheworldofpoliticalaction.
(d)thisworkwasthemostcompellingproducedbyafrenchwomanbetween1789and1792.
(e)thisworkistypicalofthekindofwritingfrenchwomenproducedbetween1793and1795.
16.accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingisatruestatementaboutthepurposeofthewomen'spoliticalcubsmentionedinline20?
(信息题)
(a)theseclubsfosteredamasswomen'smovement.
(b)theseclubseventuallydevelopedapurposedifferentfromtheiroriginalpurpose.
(c)theseclubswerefoundertoadvocatemilitaryparticipationforwomen.
(d)theseclubscounteractedtheoriginalpurposeofmalepoliticalclubs.
(e)theseclubslosttheirdirectionbythetimeofthefamineof1795.
17.theprimaryfunctionofthefirstparagraphofthepassageisto:
(a)outlinetheauthor'sargumentaboutwomen'srolesinfrancesbetween1789and1795
(b)anticipatepossiblechallengestothefindingsoftherecentstudiesofwomeninfrancebetween1789and1795.
(c)summarizesomelong-standingexplanationsoftheroleofindividualwomeninfrancebetween1789and1795.
(d)presentacontextforthediscussionofrecentstudiesofwomeninfrancebetween1789and1795.
(e)characterizevariouseighteenth-centurystudiesofwomeninfrance.
18.thepassagesuggeststhatlandesandbadinterwouldbelikelytoagreewithwhichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutthewomen'smovementinfranceinthe1790s?
此题用虚拟语气,属改善题,做法为回笔记,找缺点,去克服
(a)themovementmighthavebeenmoresuccessfulifwomenhaddevelopedtheirownpoliticalvocabularies.
(b)thedownfallofthemovementwasprobablyunrelatedtoitalliancewithjacobinmen.
(c)themovementhadagreatdealofchoiceaboutwhethertoadoptarousseauistpoliticalvocabulary.
(d)themovementwouldhavetriumphedifithadnotbeensuppressedbymilitarymeans.
(e)themovementviewedarousseauistpoliticaltradition,ratherthanajacobinpolitical.
19.intheconte