材料导论词汇.docx

材料导论词汇.docx

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材料导论词汇

Chapter1Introduction

Readthetextbook（P3）andanswerthefollowingquestion：

Whatisthephenomenon?

Andwhy?

Youshouldbeabletodothefollowing:

1.Listsixdifferentpropertyclassificationsofmaterialsthatdeterminetheirapplicability.

2.Citethefourcomponentsthatareinvolvedinthedesign,production,andutilizationofmaterials,andbrieflydescribetheinterrelationshipsbetweenthesecomponents.

3.Citethreecriteriathatareimportantinthematerialsselectionprocess.

4.（a）Listthethreeprimaryclassificationsofsolidmaterials,andthencitethedistinctivechemicalfeatureofeach.

（b）Notetheotherthreetypesofmaterialsand,foreach,itsdistinctivefeature（s）.

Chapter2InteratomicBonding

1Makesureyouunderstandconcepts:

“Covalentbond共价键Aprimaryinteratomicbondthatisformedbythesharingofelectronsbetweenneighboringatoms.

“Dipole（electric）偶极Apairofequalyetoppositeelectricalchargesthatareseparatedbyasmalldistance.

“Hydrogenbond氢键Astrongsecondaryinteratomicbondthatexistsbetweenaboundhydrogenatom（itsunscreenedproton）andthelectronsofadjacentatoms.

“Ionicbond离子键Acoulombicinteratomicbondthatexistsbetweentwodjacentandoppositelychargedions.

“Metallicbond金属键Aprimaryinteratomicbondinvolvingthenondirectionalsharingofnonlocalizedvalenceelectrons（‘‘seaofelectrons’’）thataremutuallysharedbyalltheatomsinthemetallicsolid.

“Polarmolecule极性分子Amoleculeinwhichthereexistsapermanentelectricdipolemomentbyvirtueoftheasymmetricaldistributionofpositivelyandnegativelychargedregions.

“Primarybonding主价键Interatomicbondsthatarerelativelystrongandforwhichbondingenergiesarerelativelylarge.Primarybondingtypesareionic,covalent,andmetallic.

“Secondarybonding次价键Interatomicandintermolecularbondsthatarerelativelyweakandforwhichbondingenergiesarerelativelysmall.Normallyatomicormoleculardipolesareinvolved.SecondarybondingtypesarevanderWaalsandhydrogen.

“VanderWaalsbond范德华键Asecondaryinteratomicbondbetweenadjacentmoleculardipoles,whichmaybepermanentorinduced.

“Valenceelectron价电子Theelectronsintheoutermostoccupiedelectronshell,whichparticipateininteratomicbonding.

2youshouldbeabletodothefollowing:

（1）Brieflydescribeformationandcharacteristicsofionic,covalent,metallic,hydrogen,andvanderWaalsbonds.

（2）Notewhatmaterialsexhibiteachofthesebondingtypes.

Chapter3StructureofSolids

1．Makesureyouunderstandlanguageandconcepts:

Allotropy同素异形现象，同素异构现象Thepossibilityofexistenceoftwoormoredifferentcrystalstructuresforasubstance（generallyanelementalsolid）.

Amorphous无定形的，非晶态的Havinganoncrystallinestructure.

Anisotropy各向异性Exhibitingdifferentvaluesofapropertyindifferentcrystallographicdirections.

Atomicpackingfactor（APF）原子密堆因素

Body-centeredcubic（BCC）体心立方

Coordinationnumber配位数Thenumberofatomicorionicnearestneighbors.

Crystalstructure晶体结构Forcrystallinematerials,themannerinwhichatomsorionsarearrayedinspace.Itisdefinedintermsoftheunitcellgeometryandtheatompositionswithintheunitcell.

Crystalline晶体的Thestateofasolidmaterialcharacterizedbyaperiodicandrepeatingthree-dimensionalarrayofatoms,ions,ormolecules.

Face-centeredcubic（FCC）面心立方

Grain晶粒Anindividualcrystalinapolycrystallinemetalorceramic.

Grainboundary晶界Theinterfaceseparatingtwoadjoininggrainshavingdifferentcrystallographicorientations.

Hexagonalclose-packed（HCP）密排六方

Isotropic各向同性的Havingidenticalvaluesofapropertyinallcrystallographicdirections.

Latticeparameter晶格参数Thecombinationofunitcelledgelengthsandinteraxialanglesthatdefinestheunitcellgeometry.

Non-crystalline非晶的Thesolidstatewhereinthereisnolong-rangeatomicorder.Sometimesthetermsamorphous,glassy,andvitreousareusedsynonymously.

Polycrystalline多晶的Referringtocrystallinematerialsthatarecomposedofmorethanonecrystalorgrain.

Polymorphism多晶型现象，同质异构现象Theabilityofasolidmaterialtoexistinmorethanoneformorcrystalstructure.

Singlecrystal单晶Acrystallinesolidforwhichtheperiodicandrepeatedatomicpatternextendsthroughoutitsentiretywithoutinterruption.

Unitcell晶胞，单胞Thebasicstructuralunitofacrystalstructure.Itisgenerallydefinedintermsofatom（orion）positionswithinaparallelepipedvolume.

2.Youshouldbeabletodothefollowing

1.Describethedifferenceinatomic/molecularstructurebetweencrystallineandnoncrystallinematerials.

2.Drawunitcellsforface-centeredcubic,body-centeredcubic,andhexagonalclose-packedcrystalstructures.

3.Computethedensitiesformetalshavingface-centeredcubicandbody-centeredcubiccrystalstructuresgiventheirunitcelldimensions.

4.Distinguishbetweensinglecrystalsandpolycrystallinematerials.

5.Defineisotropyandanisotropywithrespecttomaterialproperties.

Chapter4Imperfectionsinsolids

1.Makesureyouunderstandlanguageandconcepts

Alloy合金Ametallicsubstancethatiscomposedoftwoormoreelements.

Atompercent原子百分数Concentrationspecificationonthebasisofthenumberofmoles（oratoms）ofaparticularelementrelativetothetotalnumberofmoles（oratoms）ofallelementswithinanalloy.

Atomicvibration原子振动Thevibrationofanatomaboutitsnormalpositioninasubstance.

Boltzmann‘sconstant波尔兹曼常数

Burgersvector柏氏矢量Avectorthatdenotesthemagnitudeanddirectionoflatticedistortionassociatedwithadislocation.

Composition成分Therelativecontentofaparticularelementorconstituent（i）withinanalloy,usuallyexpressedinweightpercentoratompercent.

Defectstructure缺陷构造Relatingtothekindsandconcentrationsofvacanciesandinterstitialsinaceramiccompound.

Dislocationline位错线Thelinethatextendsalongtheendoftheextrahalf-planeofatomsforanedgedislocation,andalongthecenterofthespiralofascrewdislocation.

Edgedislocation刃位错Alinearcrystallinedefectassociatedwiththelatticedistortionproducedinthevicinityoftheendofanextrahalfplaneofatomswithinacrystal.TheBurgersvectorisperpendiculartothedislocationline.

Electroneutrality电中性Thestateofhavingexactlythesamenumbersofpositiveandnegativeelectricalcharges（ionicandelectronic）,thatis,ofbeingelectricallyneutral.

Frenkeldefect弗兰克缺陷Inanionicsolid,acation–vacancyandcation–interstitialpair.

Grainsize晶粒尺寸Theaveragegraindiameterasdeterminedfromarandomcrosssection.

Imperfection缺陷，非理想性Adeviationfromperfection;normallyappliedtocrystallinematerialswhereinthereisadeviationfromatomic/molecularorderand/orcontinuity.

Interstitialsolidsolution间隙式固溶体Asolidsolutionwhereinrelativelysmallsoluteatomsoccupyinterstitialpositionsbetweenthesolventorhostatoms.

Microscopy显微镜法Theinvestigationofmicrostructuralelementsusingsometypeofmicroscope.

Microstructure显微结构，微观结构Thestructuralfeaturesofanalloy（e.g.,grainandphasestructure）thataresubjecttoobservationunderamicroscope.

Mixeddislocation混合位错Adislocationthathasbothedgeandscrewcomponents.

Photomicrograph显微照片Thephotographmadewithamicroscope,whichrecordsamicrostructuralimage.

Pointdefect点缺陷Acrystallinedefectassociatedwithoneor,atmost,severalatomicsites.

Scanningelectronmicroscope（SEM）扫描电子显微镜

Scanningprobemicroscope（SPM）扫描探针显微镜

Schottkydefect肖脱基缺陷Inanionicsolid,adefectconsistingofacation–vacancyandanion–vacancypair.

Screwdislocation螺旋位错Alinearcrystallinedefectassociatedwiththelatticedistortioncreatedwhennormallyparallelplanesarejoinedtogethertoformahelicalramp.TheBurgersvectorisparalleltothedislocationline.

Self-interstitial自间隙的Ahostatomorionthatispositionedonaninterstitiallatticesite.

Solidsolution固溶体Ahomogeneouscrystallinephasethatcontainstwoormorechemicalspecies.Bothsubstitutionalandinterstitialsolidsolutionsarepossible.

Solute溶质Onecomponentorelementofasolutionpresentinaminorconcentration.Itisdissolvedinthesolvent.

Solvent溶剂Thecomponentofasolutionpresentinthegreatestamount.Itisthecomponentthatdissolvesasolute.

Stoichiometry化学计量学Forioniccompounds,thestateofhavingexactlytheratioofcationstoanionsspecifiedbythechemicalformula.

Substitutionalsolidsolution置换固溶体Asolidsolutionwhereinthesoluteatomsreplaceorsubstituteforthehostatoms.

Transmissionelectronmicroscope（TEM）透射电子显微镜

Vacancy空位Anormallyoccupiedlatticesitefromwhichanatomorionismissing.

Weightpercent重量百分数Concentrationspecificationonthebasisofweight（ormass）ofaparticularelementrelativetothetotalalloyweight（ormass）.

2.Youshouldbeabletodothefollowing

1.Describebothvacancyandself-interstitialcrystallinedefects.

2.Calculatetheequilibriumnumberofvacanciesinamaterialatsomespecifiedtemperature,giventherelevantconstants.

3.Namethetwotypesofsolidsolutions,andprovideabriefwrittendefinitionand/orschematicsketchofeach.

4.NameanddescribeeightdifferentionicpointdefectsthatarefoundInceramiccompounds.

5.Giventhemassesandatomicweightsoftwoormoreelementsinametalalloy,calculatetheweightpercentandatomicpercentforeachelement.

6.Foreachofedge,screw,andmixeddislocations:

（a）describeandmakeadrawingofthedislocation;

（b）notethelocationofthedislocationline;and

（c）indicatethedirectionalongwhichthedislocationlineextends.

7.Describetheatomicstructurewithinthevicinityof（a）agrainboundary,and（b）atwinboundary.

Chapter5mechanicalproperties

1．Makesureyouunderstandlanguageandconcepts

Anelasticity滞弹性Anelasti