中国近代机械发展史Word格式.docx

中国近代机械发展史Word格式.docx

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smechanicalscienceandtechnologydevelopmentspeed.Tothemechanicalproductlarge-scale,precision,automationanddiscussesthetrendofdevelopment.Insomeaspectshasreachedorexceededtheworldadvancedlevel.

Keywords:

Chinese;

mechanical;

development;

Markets

Justsmallrammingmachinery:

Inthe1960s,Chinamechanicalverysmalltamplack,manysmallvenuesrammingbasicallyUSESartificialramming.

Early1960s,changshaconstructionmachineryinstituteandBeijingarchitecturalengineeringinstitute,etc.,thetechnicalinnovationachievementsinmassonthebasisofsummingupChinesecharacteristicinventedthebreaststrokerammingmachine,1962exceedednationalscienceandtechnology.Thebreaststrokerammingmachinestructureissimple,easytouseandmaintenancein1960s,soonbecamethedominantproductstoconsolidatemachinery.Accordingtonotcompletecountbreaststroketampcumulativeyieldreachedmorethan50,000machine,intheeconomicdevelopmentofourcountryhasplayedanimportantrole.Since1970'

s,thebreaststrokerammingmachinewasgraduallymoreadvancedperformanceofvibrationshockramandvibratingplateram,nowreplacedbylayingmachinehasrarelybreaststroke,basicallybeeliminated.

In1964,changshaconstructionmachineryinstituteHB120developedmovabletype,typeofShanghaibeganlayingmachine,engineeringmachineproductionmainlybytianjinmunicipallater,annualproductionengineeringmachinerydongtingabout200.Inthe1980s,movabletyperammingmachineproductqualityhasincreasedgreatly,haveexportedtosoutheastAsiaandAfrica.Since1990s,internal-combustiontyperammingmachineproductionsales,andgraduallydecreasedinonlyafewsmallprivateenterpriseproduction.

In1977,changshaconstructionmachineryfactorybuildingsanddevelopedinliuzhouHZR250typeandtheHZR70typevibratingplateram,thesetwokindsofproductsin1979and1982passedbytheministryofconstructionoftheorganization.Thenyiwubuildingconstructionmachineryfactory,siping,anyangvibratorsfactory,tianjinmunicipalengineeringmachinerydongtingandotherenterpriseshavestartedproducingvibratingplateram.In1986,changshaconstructionmachineryresearchanddevelopalargerHZR450typeofvibratingplateram.Since1990s,vibratingplateraminourcountryhasdevelopedveryquickly,varietiesofproducts,specificationsandincreaseproductionenterprises,foreignvibratingplateramgraduallytoentertheChinesemarket.

In1983,changshaconstructionmachineryinstituteandthejointdevelopmentofhubeivibrationinthefirstHZR70typevibrationshockramming,1984,passedbytheministryofconstruction,organizationconstructiontechnologyprogressin1985wonprizes.Duetothevibrationimpactcompactionresulthasgoodramming,productivity,highvolumeandweightofsmall,lightweightflexibleoutstandingcharacteristics,deeplyuseretc,obtainedarapidpromotion,andsoonZiJiangdevelopmenttothefactory,xinxiangmunicipalengineeringmachinetoolplantandtianjindozensofdongtingproductionfactoryetc.Vibrationshockrammingalthoughthanvibratingplateram,butlaterdevelopmentspeedofdevelopment,productionanduseofextensivethanvibratingplateram,hasbecomethelargestinChinaintherammingmachineryproducts.Since1990s,foreignvibratingplateramgraduallytoentertheChinesemarket.

Vibrationshockrammingandvibratingplateramthesuccessfuldevelopmentinourcountry,notonlyforourconstructiondepartmentprovidesadvancedperformanceofmechanical,layinghaveachievedgoodeconomicbenefitandsocialbenefit,andmakeourrammingmechanicaltechnologyintoabigstepforward,shortenthegapwiththeadvancedworldlevel,promotingthedevelopmentofcompactionmachine.

Themechanicalprocessing:

Accordingtothearchaeologicaldiscovery,hot-workingcastinginBeijingpinggu,changpingandsohaveprovedthatthe16thcenturyBCshangdynasty（bronzeobjects.Mingyongle（1403-1424years）,Beijingproduceworld-renownedMingyonglegreat3-tonbellmade（46.5tons）andtower（63tonsofgreat3-tonbellmadeofironclock（25）andthefurnaceofmelting,pitTaoFanmodelandmethodofcasting.Inthe1950s,Beijingbasedonclaysandcastingsinmanual.In1955,Beijingfirstmachinetoolplantbeganusingleakagemouldmodelling,double-sidedmodelandironplatetypeplateandstandardsandboxmodelling.In1965,startusingplasticmodel.In1980,theinstituteandBeijingmunicipalelectricalfactoryhassuccessfullydevelopedlinefrequencycorelessbathroomplugstembottomnotetypeelectricinsulationcasting.In1982,hospitalandBeijingthecastingmachineresearchcupolatuyereoxygenblowingtechnology.1985-1988,Beijinginstituteofmachineoffloatingendfacesealringbydiesuccessfultestpressurecastingprocess.

In1959,Beijingsecondmetalformingmachinerygeneralfactorychanged（Beijing）built2500tonheavy-dutyhydraulicpress.In1971,thefactoryproduced6,000tons,whichisthenBeijinghydrtestingbiggestmetalformingequipment.1968-1979,Beijinghoistingmachinefactoryhas300tonsofusinghydraulicpress2000tonsandcreatecraneandlargepanel.Inthe1980s,BeijinginstituteofelectricalanddevelopedaseriesofBeijingmouldcentrehigh-precisioncuttingdie,themultistageclosetoortoimportmouldlevel,changedBeijingprecisionpunchingmouldsdependenceonimports.

Before1949,Beijinghasheattreatmentfurnace,saltdissolvedbythermocouplesmeansfurnace,quenchingandtempering,partsofannealing,normalizing,quenchingandtempering,carburizingandetc.In1956,Beijingfirstbeganusinghigh-frequencyquenchingmachinetoolplant.In1961,theBeijingsecondmachinetoolplantbeganusinggasnitridingquenching.In1969,thefollowingenterprisebyBeijinggagestartlightquenching.In1978,thecompletemachinetoolresearchinstituteofBeijingguidesurfacecontactquenchingprocessandequipment,quenchingconditionofqualityinspection.In1979,scientificresearchinstituteofChinaacademyofrailwayandmechanicalinstituteofhigh-powerdieselenginecylindercollaborationofsurfacemodificationoflaser.In1979,Beijinginstituteofelectricalcarbondioxidelaserisdeveloped,andthekilowattinearly1980srespectivelyappliedincylinderandstampprintingequipmentsoflasertreatment.Amongthem,tsinghuauniversity,Beijing,BeijinginstituteofelectricalYouPiaoChangjointlycompletedYouPiaoChangsevencolormachineDaKongQilasersurfacestrengtheningresearch.From1984to1990,Beijinginstituteofvacuumheattreatmentresearch,gascarburizingmicrocomputercontroltechnology（Beijinguniversityofaeronautics&

astronauticsandcooperation）,rareearthsoftnitriding,powdermetallurgyproductssurfacestrengthening,keroseneandmethanolsmalldropsofmicrocomputercontrolmethodofcarburizing,solidboridingandcarburizingprocesscomputeraidedprocessplanningandtrackingcontrolsystem,andtheapplicationofnewtechnologyheatinproduction.Weldingandcuttingin1949,Beijinghasgeo-drilling,electricweldingandcuttingetcoxyacetyleneflamemanualoperation.In1963,BeijingmetalstructureandYiJiBumechanicalscienceresearchcooperationtodeveloptungstenargonarcwelding,andrealizethenitrogenplasmacuttingstainlesssteel.In1964,theuseofdcargonarcweldingandtungstenwirealloyingtechnologysolvedbytiltingelectrolysisindustryworsepurenickelwelding.In1966,Beijingmetalstructurefactorydevelopedbyrotatingsphereofthesubmergedarcweldingautomaticwelding.In1968,theplantbegantoliquefiedpetroleumgas（LPG）insteadofacetylenecutting.Intheearly1980s,tsinghuauniversityinventednewMIGweldingarcarctechnologyincontrol,controlabreakthrough.Intheearly1980s,theBeijingurbanconstructiondesigncompletedliquefiedpetroleumgas（LPG）mobilepneumaticrailweldingtechnologyresearchandapplication.In1990,BeijingmetalstructurefactorytoadoptCNCprecisioncuttingandwithphoto-electricitytrackingandCNCpursuitofhighinputautomaticprogrammingtechnologyplasmacutting.

Visible,Chinamechanicaldevelopmentinmoderndevelopmentofitsrapid.

摘要：

中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。

中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久，而且成就十分辉煌，不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用，而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献。

传统机械方面，我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。

新中国建立后特别是近三十年来，我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。

向机械产品大型化，精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展，在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。

关键词：

中国；

机械；

发展；

市场。

就小型夯实机械而言：

上世纪60年代以前，我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏，很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。

上世纪60年代初期，长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作，在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机，1962年获国家科技发明奖。

蛙式夯实机结构简单，维修、使用方便，很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。

据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台，在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。

70年代以后，蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代，目前蛙式夯实机已经很少，基本被淘汰。

1964年，长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机，开始由上海工程机械厂生产，后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产，年产量200台左右。

80年代，内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高，曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。

90年代以后，内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少，目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。

1977年，长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯，这两种产品分别于1979年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。

随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。

1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。

上世纪90年代以后，振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展，产品品种、规格和生产企业增多，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。

1983年，长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯，1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定，1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。

由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点，深受用户欢迎，得到了迅速的推广使用，并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。

振动冲