计算机英语第4章.docx

计算机英语第4章.docx

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计算机英语第4章

Chapter4DatabaseSystem

LearningObjectives:

Attheendofthischapter,youareexpectedto:

●understandthemainideasofeverypassage;

●masterthekeywordsandphrases,especiallytechnicaltermsofeverypassageaswellastheirusage;

●haveaclearideaofDatabaseManagementSystems,MicrosoftAccess,MicrosoftSQLServerandMicrosoftCorporation;

●knowsomethingaboutthetranslationmethodsofadjectives.

Warm-up:

Labelthefollowingpictureswiththetermsinthebox:

1.SQLServer2.IBM3.Excel4.Microsoft5.DBMS

6.mainframe7.BileGates8.MySQL9.Access

A._____________________

B.______________________

C.______________________

D._____________________

E._____________________

F.______________________

G._____________________

H.______________________

I.______________________

4.1IntroductiontoDatabaseSystems

Thecomputerhastoexecuteanumberofcomplexinstructionsinordertopresentasolutiontotheuser.Theback-endmaybeinvisible,butessentialtotherunningofaprogram.ADatabasemanagementsystemisacollectionofsoftwaretoolswhichsifts,separates,collates,storesandretrievesdata.EssentiallyaDBMSconsistsofadatabasewhichisagroupofdatatablesandrecordsthatarequeriedbyusersoftware.

Theearliestdatabaseswerequitesimpleindesignandwererunonmainframes.IBMwasoneofthepioneersindevelopingdatabasemanagementsystems.DB2isoneofthepopularDBMSwhichisstillusedinmainframes.AvariationofthissoftwarecalledDB2UDBorUniversalDataBushasbeenintroducedforWindowsapplications.Sybase,InformixandIngressaresomeoftheotherDBMSwhichwerepopularonceuponatimebuthavebeeneitherpurchasedoramalgamatedwithotherDBMSorhavesimplydisappearedfromthemarket.Microsoft,realizingthepotentialofdatabasesoftwareenteredthemarketwithtwovariations.MicrosoftAccesswasanentryleveldatabasesoftwarewithlimitedcapabilitieswhereasMicrosoftSQLServerwasamoreadvancedversionwithonlinetransactionprocessingcapabilities.ThemajorlimitationwasthatitcouldbeusedonlyonWindowsplatform.

OracleCorporationmaybecalledapioneerofdatabasemanagementsystems.Itssoftwareversionsrunonmultipleplatformslikemainframes,UNIXanditsvariations,WindowsandevenonLinuxplatform.TheDBMSsoftwarefromOraclehasbeenthesystemofchoiceforBanksandfinancialinstitutionsprimarilyfortheirsecurityfeatures,robustnessandversatility.ReplicationandotheradvancedfeatureshavemaintainedOracleDBMSastheprimaryDBMS.OraclehasalsodevelopedBusinessintelligencemodules（BI）andpowerfulqueryfeaturestoenhancethecapabilityofitsDBMS.ManyvariationsofDBMSareavailableasfreedownloadsandhavebecomequitepopular.MySQLisoneofthepopularfreesoftware.

back-endn.后端

invisible[]

adj.看不见的

sift[sift]v.筛选

collate[]

v.比较

retrieve[]

v.重新得到

query

[]n.

查询，询问

mainframe

[]n.

[计]大型计算机

variation

[]n.

变异,变种

amalgamate

[]v.

合并

transactionprocessing

事务处理

robustness[]

adj.坚固,耐用

versatility

[]n.

多功能性

replication

[]

n.复制

ThedevelopmentofStructuredQueryLanguage（SQL）andRelationalDatabaseManagementSystems（RDBMS）aretwoimportantmilestonesinthehistoryofDBMS.Intoday'scomplexdataenvironment,dataintegritybothatthedatabaselevelandquerylevelisessential.Thecycleforaspecificqueryhastobecompletedwithoutdatacorruption.RealApplicationCluster（RAC）isthelatestadvancementindatabasemanagement.

DataSecurityisanotherimportantfeatureofaDBMS.InthisregarddatabackupandreplicationareimportantfeaturesofDBMS.Thedatabaseshouldexhibitreplicationtransparencytoensurequickrecoveryincaseofdisasterorhardwarefailure.Disasterrecoveryshouldbepossiblebothatthehardwareandsoftwarelevel.

ModernDatabaseManagementsystemshavetocatertoacomplexcomputingenvironment.SequentialQueryLanguageandRelationalDBMSaresomeoftheimportantfeaturesoftheseDBMS.RemotedatabasemanagementandadministrationarefastbecominganormintheDatabasecommunity.IBM,MicrosoftandOraclearemajorvendorsofdatabasemanagementsystems.MySQLisapopularopensourceDBMS.（502words）

integrity

[]

n.完全,完整性

dataintegrity

数据完整性

transparency

[]

n.透明,透明度

recovery

[]n.

恢复,痊愈

cater

[]vi.

满足,投合

Exercises:

I.Tellwhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue（T）orfalse（F）accordingtothetext.

1.ADatabasemanagementsystemisacollectionofsoftwaretoolswhichprovidesmoviesandmusicforus.

2.Theearliestdatabaseswererunonmicrocomputers.

3.Microsoftwasoneofthepioneersindevelopingdatabasemanagementsystems.

4.Databackupandreplicationareimportantfordatasecurity.

5.MySQLisafreeDBMS.

II.MatchthewordsorexpressionsintheleftcolumnwiththeChineseequivalentsintherightcolumn.

1.mainframe

A.比较

2.robustness

B.（美国）甲骨文公司

3.StructuredQueryLanguage

C.数据完整性

4.collate

D.大型计算机

5.transactionprocessing

E.数据库管理系统

6.Oracle

F.坚固,耐用

7.DBMS

G.结构化查询语言

8.dataintegrity

H.查询

9.RelationalDatabaseManagementSystems

I.关系型数据库管理系统

10.query

J.事务处理

III.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsorexpressionsinthebox,makingchangesifnecessary:

transactiondesignchangedinquiriesDBMS

performedrequirementsdisruptionadded

Whena__________

（1）isused,informationsystemscanbe__________

（2）muchmoreeasilyastheorganization'sinformation__________（3）change.Newcategoriesofdatacanbe__________（4）tothedatabasewithout__________（5）totheexistingsystem.

OrganizationsmayuseonekindofDBMSfordaily__________（6）andthenmovethedetailontoanothercomputerthatusesanotherDBMSbettersuitedforrandom__________（7）andanalysis.Overallsystems__________（8）decisionsareperformedbydataadministratorsandsystemsanalysts.Detaileddatabasedesignis__________（9）bydatabaseadministrators.

IV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromEnglishintoChinese

1.ADBMSisacomplexsetofsoftwareprogramsthatcontrolstheorganization,storage,management,andretrievalofdatainadatabase.

2.DBMSsarecategorizedaccordingtotheirdatastructuresortypes.

3.Thefourmostcommontypesoforganizationsarethehierarchical,network,relationalandobjectmodels.

4.Datasecuritypreventsunauthorizedusersfromviewingorupdatingthedatabase.

5.Usingpasswords,usersareallowedaccesstotheentiredatabaseorsubsets.

4.2MicrosoftAccess

MicrosoftAccessisapopulardatabasesoftwarewhichhasthesamelookandfeelasallotherMicrosoftproducts.Ineffectonedoesn'thavetosearchforthetoolsandcanactuallyworkwiththetoolstheyarefamiliarwith.ItintegrateswellwiththeOfficetools.Additionally,thereisafacilitytoimportMicrosoftexcelspreadsheetwhichsomediehardexceluserswouldfindexciting.

ThemajorcomponentsofMicrosoftAccesscanbedividedintothreeessentialparts:

Tables,queriesandforms.TablesarejustlikeExcelsheetsandonecanbecomefamiliarwithitwithoutspendingmuchtime.Atableisnothingbutalistofdataentrieswhichindatabaseparlanceiscalledarecord.

Thenextquestionwhichautomaticallycomestoourmindishowtoaccessthedatastoredinatable.Therearetwowaysyoucanaccomplishthis.Youcaneitheropenthetableandscrollthroughtherecordsorquerymultipletablesinsideadatabase.Toharnessthetruepowerofdatabasesoftware,itisimportanttoknowaboutqueriesandhowtousethem.Queriesareusefulinsorting,retrievingandpresentingthecorrectdatafromcomplexdatabases.

WecanseethatadatabaseinAccessconsistsoftableswheredataisstoredandthisdatacanberetrievedandmanipulatedusingqueries.ThethirdaspectofMicrosoftAccessisforms.Itispossibletoaddinformationontoatablebysimplyopeningitandaddingdataorrecordstoit.Thatwouldbeperfectlyfineifadatabaseconsistedofasingletable.Whathappensifthedataissharedbetweenmultipletables?

Physicallyopeningtablesdoesn'tseemlikeagoodoptioninthatcase.

Ofcoursethereisalwaysthechanceforcorruptingdataifdirectaccesstothetablesisavailable.Thisisthereasonformsareprovided.Hereonedoesn'thavedirectaccesstotablesanddatatherebyreducingthechanceofcorruptingdata.Accessalsoprovides

facility[]

n.容易,便利

diehard

[]n.

顽固分子

table表，表格

forms[计]窗体

sheet[]n.

表格

dataentry数据登记项

parlance[]

n.说法,术语

scroll[]

v.翻阅

harness[]vt.管理，支配

sort[]

v.分类,拣选

manipulate

[]

vt.操作

option[]

n.选择

corrupt[]

vt.使败坏,使恶化

auser-friendlyformsinterfacethatallowsuserstoenterinformationinagraphicalformandhavethatinformationtransparentlypassedtothedatabase.

AnotherimportantfeatureofMicrosoftAccessistheReports.Dataoncequeriedthroughtheformshastobepresentedinacoherentmanner.Datafrommultipletablesmayhavetobepresentedonasinglescreen.Thiscanbeachievedthroughreports.

Todaymostdatabasesoftwareshouldbecapableofprovidinginformationontheinternetandintranets.MicrosoftAccesshasatoolthatcaneasilyconverttablesintoHTMLformatwhichcanthenbeuploadedtoawebserver.AveryimportantfeatureistheintegrationofMicrosoftAccesswithSQLServer.ThiscanbeaccomplishedwithintheMicrosoftAccessenvironment.

Tosumup,M