Papgust Sentence Correction Flash Cards.docx

Papgust Sentence Correction Flash Cards.docx

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PapgustSentenceCorrectionFlashCards

"Gotten"isoftenusedasthepastparticipleof"get"insteadof"got"inAmericanEnglish."Gotten"isusedtoexpressastatus/possession.

Examples:

Ihaven'tyetgottenmyselfanipod

Haveyougottenyourhomepageupdated?

"CollectiveNouns"suchasagroup（ofthings）,acrowd（ofpeople）,aherd（ofcattle）,aflock（ofsheep）,aregiment（ofsoldiers）etc.areusuallySINGULARandtheytakeaSINGULARVERB.

Examples:

Acrowdofpeoplehasgathered.

Aflockofsheepwasgrazing.

EXCEPTIONS:

Ifthemembersofthegrouparetakenindividually,thenaPLURALVERBmaybeused.

Example:

Theaudiencearerequestedtoleavebythenearestexit--Groupsofpeopletakethenearestexit.Theyarenotconsideredasasinglegroup.So,weuseapluralverb.

"ClassNouns"suchasClothing,Food,Furniture,Apparel,Hardware,Equipment,Softwareetc.arealwaysSINGULARandmustthereforetakeaSINGULARverb.

"Apairof"whenappliedtothingswheretwocomponentsarealwaysthoughtoftogether（suchasScissors,Shoes,Glovesetc.）isSINGULAR.

Examples:

Thatpairofscissorsbelongstome.

Notasinglepairofsockswasclean.

Ifyouomit"pairof"andmerelyusethepluralword,thenitmusttakeaPLURALverb.

Examples:

Thosescissorsbelongtome.

Histrouserswerewell-tailored.

"Much"inthebeginningofthesentenceimpliesSINGULARITY.BecauseMuchisanexpressionofquantity.Muchisusedwithuncountablenouns.

Example:

Muchofthenewspublishedtodayisexaggerated.

FollowingpronounsalwaysimpliesSINGULARITY,

1.Each

2.Everybody

3.Everyone

4.Nobody

5.Someone

6.Somebody

Thephrases"togetherwith","Alongwith","Aswellas"haveasimilarmeaningtotheconjunction"AND",buttheydonotworkthesameas"AND".

Examples:

John,alongwithLina,waswalking.

Theteacher,alongwiththestudents,washavingameal.

Quantitywords-SingularORPlural?

1.Forpronounssuchas"All","Some","Any","Most","None"（SANAM）,determinewhetherthepronounreferringtosomethingisCOUNTABLEornot.

IfitisCOUNTABLE,thesentencetakesPLURALverb.IfitisNOTCOUNTABLE,thesentencetakesSINGULARverb.

Examples:

Someofthestudentsintheclasshavetakenexam.--StudentsareCOUNTABLE.Hence,ittakespluralverb"have"

Someofthegrainwasruinedinfloods.--GrainisNOTCOUNTABLE.Hence,ittakessingularverb"was".

2.Withfractionalexpressions,determineverbbywhatisbeingmeasured:

COUNTABLEorNOT.

Examples:

Three-fifthsofthestudentsintheclasshavetakentheirexams.--StudentsareCOUNTABLE.Hence,ittakespluralverb"have"

Halfofthegrainwaslost--GrainisNOTCOUNTABLE.Hence,ittakessingularverb"was".

Either-OrandNeither-Nor:

Thesubjectthatisclosertotheverbdeterminesthenumber（singularorpluralform）oftheverb.

Examples:

NeitherthePresidentnorhisministerswereinfavorofthewar.--verbisclosertothesubject"ministers"（plural）.Hence,verbisalsoPLURAL.

NeithertheministersnorthePresidentwasinfavorofthewar.--verbisclosertothesubject"President"（singular）.Hence,verbisalsoSINGULAR.

EitherandNeither:

（WithoutOrandNor）

ALWAYSSINGULAR.

QuantityWords:

TwoItemsMorethantwoitems

---------------------------------------

BetweenAmong

MoreMost

BetterBest

LessLeast

UsedwithUsedwith

CountableItemsUncountableitems

--------------------------------------------

FewerLess

NumberAmount,Quantity

ManyMuch

RelativePronouns:

Suchpronounsrefertosomethingalreadymentionedinthesentence.

"Who","Whom"-->People

"Which"-->Things

"That"-->People/Things

"Whose"-->WhoorWhatsomethingbelongsto

ReciprocalPronouns:

"Eachother"-->Indicates2membersofagroup.

"Oneanother"-->Indicatesmorethan2membersofagroup.

Whenthesubjectis"THERE":

Theverbagreeswiththe'real'subjectthatfollowsit.

Examples:

Thereisnoreasontodoubthissincerity--Theverb"is"refersto"reason"

Therearethirtypupilsinourclass--Theverb"are"refersto"pupils"

TwoormoreNouns:

Whenasubjectconsistsoftwoormorenouns,itistreatedthesameasaPLURALNOUNandtakesaPLURALVERB.

Example:

JohnandMaryhavegoneforaholiday.

EXCEPTIONS:

Tonameafew,

"BreadandButter"-->SINGULAR

"EggsandBacon"-->SINGULAR

FollowingADJECTIVESareseldomorneverplacedafterthenoun,

Afraid

Alight

Alone

Asleep

Awake

Aware

---

FollowingADJECTIVESareneverplacedimmediatelyaftertheverb,

Nuclear

Atomic

Cubic

Digital

Medical

Phonetic

Chief

Entire

Initial

Main

Whole

Eventual

Occasional

Maximum

Minimum

Underlying

"Fairly"Vs"Rather":

Fairly:

-Usedonlybeforepositive-toneadverbsandadjectives.Denotesomethingthatisconsidereddesirableorisviewedwithapproval

Examples:

Thelecturewasfairlyinterestingandwasfairlyattended.--RIGHT!

Thelecturewasfairlyboringandwasfairlybadlyattended.--WRONG!

Neveruse'fairly'inanegativesense.

Rather:

-Usedforthingseitherdesirableorundesirable.

Example:

Thelecturewasratherboringandwasratherbadlyattended.--RIGHT!

Differences:

-'Rather'canbeusedbeforecomparativeswhereas'fairly'cannotbeused.

I'mfeelingratherbettertoday

-'Rather'isusedasanadverbofdegreebeforeverbsthatexpressafeelingoranattitudeofmind,whereas'fairly'cannotbeusedinsuchaway.

IratherwishIhadtakenyouradvice.

Possessivecases（-'s）isusedonlywiththenamesoflivingthings.

Examples:

Thepresident'sbodyguard--RIGHT!

Thetable'sleg--WRONG!

Ratheritshouldbe"Thelegofthetable"

ComparativeAdjectivessuchas"Inferior","Superior","Prior","Anterior","Posterior","Senior","Junior"-arefollowedbythepreposition"to"andNOT"than".

When"Each"and"Every"followsasubject,ithasnobearingontheverbform.

Example:

Theyeacharegreattennisplayers--"Each"follows"They"（Subject）.But"Each"doesnotplaytheroleofdeterminingtheverb"are".Onlythesubjecthastheroletodetermine.

"Thenumberof"-->TakesaSINGULARverb

"Anumberof"-->TakesaPLURALverb

"Thenumbersof"-->NEITHERsingularNORplural.ItisWRONG.

Phrase/ClauseasSUBJECT:

Thesubjectofasentenceissometimesanentirephrase/clause.However,theyareALWAYSSINGULARandrequireonlySINGULARVERBS.

Examples:

Havinggoodexperienceinafielddoesbringingreatopportunities.

Whatevertheywanttodoisfinewithme.

SplitInfinitiveError:

Avoidsentencesthatinsertword（s）between"to"andtheverb.

Examples:

Ineedyoutoquicklyrunoutofthehouse.--WRONG!

Ineedyoutorunquicklyoutofthehouse.--RIGHT!

PresentPerfect=HAVE/HAS+PastParticiple

Examples:

Wehavelivedinalittlehutforthreedays.

Ourcountryhasenforcedstrictlawsforthirtyyears.

PastPerfect:

（"EarlierAction..."）

If,EarlierAction==>Then,usePASTPERFECT

If,LaterAction==>Then,useSIMPLEPAST

PastPerfect=HAD+PastParticiple

Examples:

Sheonlyunderstoodthemoviebecauseshehadreadthebook.--EarlierandLaterActions

YouhadstudiedEnglishbeforeyoumovedtoNewYork.--EarlierandLaterActions

If-ThenClauseRules:

Examples:

IfJohnarrives,wewillstart--Present（IfClause）.WILL+BaseVerb（ThenClause）.

IfJohnarrived,wewouldstart--Past（IfClause）.Would+BaseVerb（ThenClause）.

IfJohnhadarrived,wewouldhavestarted--PastPerfect（IfClause）.Would+HAVE+PastParticiple（ThenClause）.

KeyPointstoRemember:

1."Would"and"CouldNEVERappearintheIFClause.

2.Theverb"was"NEVERappearsintheIFClausebecauseofsubjunctivemood.

PossessivePronouns:

PossessivePronounscanreferbacktoONLYPossessivenouns.

SubjectandObjectPronounscanreferbacktoONLYSubjectandObjectsnounsrespectively.（NOTPossessiveNouns）

Example:

Jose'sroomissomessythathismothercallshimapig--WRONG!

"Him"（ObjectPronoun）referstoJose's（PossessiveNoun）.

Jose'sroomissomessythathismothercallsJoseapig--RIGHT!

Thepronoungoverningagerundshouldbeputinthepossessivecase.

Examples:

Pleaseexcusemybeinglate.--Itmustbethepossessivecase"my"andNOT"me".

Itisofnouseyoursayingso.--"your"andNOT"you"

RelativePronouns:

Modifyingphrasesareoftenintroducedbyrelativepronounssuchas"which","that","where","who","whom","whose".

"Which"

1.IntroduceNON-ESSENTIALmodifiers.

2.Introducephrasesthatmodifythings.

"That"

1.IntroduceESSENTIALmodifiers.

2.ModifyeitherpeopleORthings.

"Who"

1.IntroduceeitherESSENTIALorNON-ESSENTIALmodifiers.

2.Modifyapersonoragroupofpeople.

PronounWHICH:

"Which"isusedasarelativepronounONLYtorefertotheNOUNimmediatelyprecedingit.

Inotherwords,"Which",bydefault,referstothenounthatisclosesttotheleftofthecomma.

WHATTODOif"Which"seemstorefertotheactionoftheprecedingclause?

?

Dooneofthefollowing,

（i）Link"which"properlytoanantecedentNOUN.

（ii）Reworkthesentencetoavoiditsuseentirely.

"Majority"shouldbeusedONLYwithCOUNTABLEnouns.

Examples:

Themajorityofthestudentshavebunkedtoday'sclass.--CORRECT!

Studentsisacountablenoun.

Themajorityoftheworldiscoveredwithwater.--WRONG!

worldisanuncountablenoun.

"Compareto"Vs"Comparewith":

"Compareto"istosuggestr