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Chapter08-ReturnOnInvestedCapitalandProfitabilityAnalysis
Chapter8
ReturnOnInvestedCapitalAndProfitabilityAnalysis
REVIEW
Returnoninvestedcapitalisimportantinouranalysisoffinancialstatements.Financialstatementanalysisinvolvesourassessingbothriskandreturn.Thepriorthreechaptersfocusedprimarilyonrisk,whereasthischapterextendsouranalysistoreturn.Returnoninvestedcapitalreferstoacompany'searningsrelativetoboththelevelandsourceoffinancing.Itisameasureofacompany'ssuccessinusingfinancingtogenerateprofits,andisanexcellentmeasureofoperatingperformance.Thischapterdescribesreturnoninvestedcapitalanditsrelevancetofinancialstatementanalysis.Wealsoexplainvariationsinmeasurementofreturnoninvestedcapitalandtheirinterpretation.Wealsodisaggregatereturnoninvestedcapitalintoimportantcomponentsforadditionalinsightsintocompanyperformance.Theroleoffinancialleverageanditsimportanceforreturnsanalysisisexamined.Thischapterdemonstrateseachoftheseanalysistechniquesusingfinancialstatementdata.
OUTLINE
·ImportanceofReturnonInvestedCapital
MeasuringManagerialEffectiveness
MeasuringProfitability
MeasuringforPlanningandControl
·ComponentsofReturnonInvestedCapital
DefiningInvestedCapital
AdjustmentstoInvestedCapitalandIncome
ComputingReturnonInvestedCapital
·AnalyzingReturnonNetOperatingAssets
DisaggregatingReturnonNetOperatingAssets
RelationbetweenProfitMarginandAssetTurnover
ProfitMarginAnalysis
AssetTurnoverAnalysis
·AnalyzingReturnonCommonEquity
DisaggregatingReturnonCommonEquity
FinancialLeverageandReturnonCommonEquity
AssessingGrowthinCommonEquity
ANALYSISOBJECTIVES
·Describetheusefulnessofreturnmeasuresinfinancialstatementanalysis.
·Explainreturnoninvestedcapitalandvariationsinitscomputation.
·Analyzereturnonnetoperatingassetsanditsrelevanceinouranalysis.
·Describedisaggregationofreturnonnetoperatingassetsandtheimportanceofitscomponents.
·Describetherelationbetweenprofitmarginandturnover.
·Analyzereturnoncommonshareholders'equityanditsroleinouranalysis.
·Describedisaggregationofreturnoncommonshareholders'equityandtherelevanceofitscomponents.
·Explainfinancialleverageandhowtoassessacompany'ssuccessintradingontheequityacrossfinancingsources.
QUESTIONS
1.Thereturnthatisachievedinanyoneperiodontheinvestedcapitalofacompanyconsistsofthereturns(andlosses)realizedbyitsvarioussegmentsanddivisions.Inturn,thesereturnsaremadeupoftheresultsachievedbyindividualproductlinesandprojects.Awellmanagedcompanyexercisesrigorouscontroloverthereturnsachievedbyeachofitsprofitcenters,anditrewardsthemanagersonthebasisofsuchresults.Specifically,whenevaluatingnewinvestmentsinassetsorprojects,managementwillcomputetheestimatedreturnsitexpectstoachieveandusetheseestimatesasabasisforitsdecisiontoinvestornot.
2.Profitgenerationisthefirstandforemostpurposeofacompany.Theeffectivenessofoperatingperformancedeterminestheabilityofthecompanytosurvivefinancially,toattractsuppliersoffunds,andtorewardthemadequately.Returnoninvestedcapitalistheprimemeasureofcompanyperformance.Theanalystusesitasanindicatorofmanagerialeffectiveness,and/orameasureofthecompany'sabilitytoearnasatisfactoryreturnoninvestment.
3.Iftheinvestmentbaseisdefinedascomprisingnetoperatingassets,thennetoperatingprofit(e.g.,beforeinterest)aftertax(NOPAT)istherelevantincomefiguretouse.Theexclusionofinterestfromincomedeductionsisduetoitsbeingregardedasapaymentfortheuseofmoneyfromthesuppliersofdebtcapital(inthesamewaythatdividendsareregardedasapaymenttosuppliersofequitycapital).NOPATistheappropriateamounttomeasureagainstnetoperatingassetsasbothareconsideredtobeoperating.
4.First,themotivationforexcludingnonproductiveassetsfrominvestedcapitalisbasedontheideathatmanagementisnotresponsibleforearningareturnonnon-operatinginvestedcapital.Second,theexclusionofintangibleassetsfromtheinvestmentbaseisoftenduetoskepticismregardingtheirvalueortheircontributiontotheearningpowerofthecompany.UnderGAAP,intangiblesarecarriedatcost.However,iftheircostexceedstheirfutureutility,theyarewrittendown(ortherewillbeanuncertaintyexceptionregardingtheircarryingvalueintheauditor'sopinion).Theexclusionofintangibleassetsfromtheassetbasemustbebasedonmoresubstantialevidencethanamerelackofunderstandingofwhattheseassetsrepresentoranunsupportedsuspicionregardingtheirvalue.Thisimpliesthatintangibleassetsshouldgenerallynotbeexcludedfrominvestedcapital.
5. Thebasicformulaforcomputingthereturnoninvestmentisnetincomedividedbytotalinvestedcapital.Wheneverwemodifythedefinitionoftheinvestmentbaseby,say,omittingcertainitems(liabilities,idleassets,intangibles,etc.)wemustalsoadjustthecorrespondingincomefiguretomakeitconsistentwiththemodifiedassetbase.
6. Therelationofnetincometosalesisameasureofoperatingperformance(profitmargin).Therelationofsalestototalassetsisameasureofassetutilizationorturnover—ameansofdetermininghoweffectively(intermsofsalesgeneration)theassetsareutilized.Bothofthesemeasures,profitmarginaswellasassetutilization,determinethereturnrealizedonagiveninvestmentbase.Salesareanimportantfactorinbothoftheseperformancemeasures.
7. Profitmargin,althoughimportant,isonlyoneaspectofthereturnoninvestedcapital.Theotherisassetturnover.Consequently,whileCompanyB'sprofitmarginishigh,itsassetturnovermayhavebeensufficientlydepressedsoastodragdowntheoverallreturnoninvestedcapital,leadingtotheshareholder'scomplaint.
8. TheassetturnoverofCompanyXis3.TheprofitmarginofCompanyYis0.5%.Sincebothcompaniesareinthesameindustry,itisclearthatCompanyXmustconcentrateonimprovingitsassetturnover.Ontheotherhand,CompanyYmustconcentrateonimprovingitsprofitmargin.Morespecificstrategiesdependontheproductandindustry.
9. Thesalestototalassets(assetturnover)componentofthereturnoninvestedcapitalmeasurereflectstheoverallrateofassetutilization.Itdoesnotreflecttherateofutilizationofindividualassetcategoriesthatenterintotheoverallassetturnover.Tobetterevaluatethereasonsforthelevelofassetturnoverorthereasonsforchangesinthatlevel,itishelpfultocomputetherateofindividualassetturnoversthatmakeuptheoverallturnoverrate.
10. Theevaluationofreturnoninvestedcapitalinvolvesmanyfactors.Theinclusion/exclusionofextraordinarygainsandlosses,theuse/nonuseoftrends,theeffectofacquisitionsaccountedforaspoolingsandtheirchanceofrecurrence,theeffectofdiscontinuedoperations,andthepossibilityofaveragingnetincomearejustafewofmanysuchfactors.Moreover,theanalystmusttakeintoaccounttheeffectsofprice-levelchangesonreturncalculations.Italsoisimportantthattheanalystbearinmindthatreturnoninvestedcapitalismostcommonlybasedonbookvaluesfromfinancialstatementsratherthanonmarketvalues.Andfinally,manyassetseitherdonotappearinthefinancialstatementsoraresignificantlyunderstated.Examplesofsuchassetsareintangiblessuchaspatents,trademarks,researchanddevelopmentactivities,advertisingandtraining,andintellectualcapital.
11. Theequitygrowthrateiscalculatedasfollows:
[Netincome–Preferreddividends–Commondividendpayout]/Averagecommonequity.
Thisisthegrowthrateduetotheretentionofearningsandassumesaconstantdividendpayoutovertime.Itindicatesthepossibilitiesofearningsgrowthwithoutresorttoexternalfinancing.Theresultingincreaseinequitycanbeexpectedtoearntherateofreturnthatthecompanyearnsonitsassetsand,thus,furthercontributetogrowthinearnings.
12. a. Thereturnonnetoperatingassetsandthereturnoncommonstockholders'equitydifferbythecapitalinvestmentbase(anditscorrespondingeffectsonnetincome).RNOAreflectsthereturnonthenetoperatingassetsofthecompanywhereasROCEreflectstheperspectiveofcommonshareholders.
b. ROCEcanbedisaggregatedintothefollowingcomponentstofacilitateanalysis:
ROCE=RNOA+LeveragexSpread.RNOAmeasuresthereturnonnetoperatingassets,ameasureofoperatingperformance.Thesecondcomponent(LeveragexSpread)measurestheeffectsoffinancialleverage.ROCEisincreasedbyaddingfinancialleveragesolongasRNOA>weightedaveragecostofcapital.Thatis,ifthefirmcanearnareturnonoperatingassetsthatisgreaterthanthecostofthecapitalusedtofinancethepurchaseofthoseassets,thenshareholdersarebetteroffaddingdebttoincreaseoperatingassets.
13. a. ROCEcanbedisaggregatedasfollows:
Thisshowsthat“equityturnover”(salestoaveragecommonequity)isoneofthetwocomponentsofthereturnoncommonshareholders'equity.Assumingastableprofitmargin,theequityturnovercanbeusedtodeterminethelevelandtrendofROCE.Specifically,anincreaseinequityturnoverwillproduceanincreaseinROCEiftheprofitmarginisstableordeclineslessthantheincreaseinequityturnover.Forexample,acommonobjectiveofdiscountstoresistolowerpricesbyloweringprofitmargins,buttooffset