人力资源管理专业词汇英文版.docx

人力资源管理专业词汇英文版.docx

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人力资源管理专业词汇英文版

‍AppendixA

‍GlossaryofHuman‍ResourceManagement‍Terms

‍absenteesAbsenteesareemployeeswhoarescheduledtobeatworkbutare‍notpresent.‍

AccidentandsicknesspoliciesAccidentandsicknesspoliciesusuallyprovide‍aminimum-carestipendforseveralweeksuptosixmonthstohelpemployeesdefraythelossofincomewhiletheyaresickorrecoveringfrom‍anaccident.‍

accreditationAccreditationisaprocessofcertifyingthecompetenceof‍apersoninanareaofcapability.TheSocietyforHumanResourceManagementoperatesanaccreditationprogramforpersonnelprofessionals.‍

activelisteningActivelisteningrequiresthelistenertostoptalking,toremovedistractions,tobepatient,andtoempathizewiththetalker.‍

adverseselectionAdverseselectionoccurswhenaninsurancecompanyhas‍adisproportionatelyhighpercentageofinsuredswhowillmakeclaimsin‍thefuture.Adverseselectionoftenresultswhenpeoplearegivena‍chancetobuyinsurancewithoutprescreening,whichoftenmeansthata‍higherthannormalproportionhaveaconditionthatislikelytocause‍themtobefrequentclaimants.‍

affirmativeactionprogramsAffirmativeactionprogramsaredetailedplans‍developedbyemployerstoundotheresultsofpastemploymentdiscrimination,ortoensureequalopportunityinthefuture.‍

AgeDiscriminationinEmploymentActof1967（asamended）Thisactprohibitsdiscriminationonemploymentbecauseofageagainstthosewho‍are40andolder.‍

AmericanFederationofLaborandCongressofIndustrialOrganization‍（AFL-CIO）TheAFL-CIOisafederationofmostnationalunions.It‍existstoprovideaunifiedfocalpointforthelabormovement,toassist‍nationalunions,andtoinfluencegovernmentpoliciesthataffectmembersandworkingpeople.‍

appliedresearchAppliedresearchisastudyofpracticalproblems,thesolutionsofwhichwillleadtoimprovedperformance.‍

arbitrationArbitrationisthesubmissionofadisputetoaneutralthird‍party.‍

assessmentcentersAssessmentcentersareastandardizedformofemployee‍appraisalthatreliesonmultipletypesofevaluationandmultipleraters.‍

associatemembershipAssociatemembershipinalabororganizationallows‍peoplewhoarenotemployedunderaunioncontracttoaffiliatewitha‍unionbypayingfeesandduesinreturnforunion-supportedbenefits.‍

attitudesurveysAttitudesurveysaresystematicmethodsofdetermining‍whatemployeesthinkabouttheirorganization.Thesurveysareusually‍donethroughquestionnaires.Attitudesurveyfeedbackresultswhenthe‍informationcollectedisreportedbacktotheparticipants.Thisprocess‍thenisusuallyfollowedbyactionplanningtoidentifyandresolvespecific‍areasofemployeeconcern.‍

attritionAttritionisthelossofemployeeswholeavetheorganization's‍employment.‍

auditreportTheauditreportisacomprehensivedescriptionofpersonnel‍activities.Itincludesbothcommendationforeffectivepracticesandrecommendationsforimprovingpracticesthatareineffective.‍

auditteamAnauditteamconsistsofthosepeoplewhoareresponsiblefor‍evaluatingtheperformanceofthepersonneldepartment.‍

authorizationcardsAuthorizationcardsareformsthatprospectiveunion‍memberssign.Thecardsindicatetheirwishtohaveanelectiontodeterminewhetheralabororganizationwillrepresenttheworkersintheir‍dealingswithmanagement.‍

autonomousworkgroupsAutonomousworkgroupsareteamsofworkers,‍withoutaformalcompany-appointedleader,whodecideamongthemselvesmostdecisionstraditionallyhandledbysupervisors.‍

autonomyAutonomyishavingcontroloverone'swork.‍

bargainingbookAbargainingbookisacompilationofthenegotiation‍team'splansforcollectivebargainingwithlaborormanagement.Increasingly,thebargainingbookisbeingreplacedbyinformationstoredinaccompanyorunioncomputer.‍

bargainingcommitteeTheunionbargainingcommitteeconsistsofunionofficialsandstewardswhonegotiatewithmanagement'srepresentativesto‍determinewages,hours,andworkingconditionstobeembodiedinthe‍laboragreement.‍

behaviorallyanchoredratingscales（BARS）BARSrateemployees‍scalethathasspecificbehavioralexamplesonittoguidetherater.‍‍

BehavioralmodelingBehavioralmodelingreliesontheinitiationoremulationofadesiredbehavior.Arepetitionofbehaviormodelinghelpsto‍developappropriateresponsesinspecifiedsituations.‍

behaviormodificationBehaviormodificationstatesthatbehaviordepends‍onitsconsequences.‍

blindadsBlindadsarewantadsthatdonotidentifytheemployer.‍

bonafideoccupationalqualifications（BFOQ）ABFOQoccurswhenanemployerhasajustifiedbusinessreasonfordiscriminatingagainstamember‍ofaprotectedclass.TheburdenofprovingaBFOQgenerallyfallson‍theemployer.‍

bottom-linetestThebottom-linetestisappliedbytheEqualEmployment‍OpportunityCommissiontodetermineifafirm'soverallselection‍processishavinganadverseimpactonprotectedgroups.Eventhough‍individualstepsintheselectionprocessmightexhibitanadverseimpact‍onaprotectedgroup,thefirmwillbeconsideredincomplianceifthe‍overallprocessdoesnothaveanadverseeffect.‍

BoulwarismBoulwarismisanegotiationstrategydevelopedbyGeneral‍Electric.Usingthisapproachthecompanymadeits"best"offertothe‍unionatthebeginningofnegotiations.Thenitremainedfirmunlessthe‍unioncouldfindwheremanagementhaderredinthecalculationsusedto‍arriveattheoffer.ThisstrategyhasbeenruledasanunfairlaborpracticebytheNationalLaborRelationsBoardandbythefederalcourts.‍

brainstormingBrainstormingisaprocessbywhichparticipantsprovide‍theirideasonastatedproblemduringafreewheelinggroupsession.‍

buddysystemThe"buddysystem"oforientationexistswhenanexperiencedemployeeisaskedtoshowanewworkeraroundthejobsite,conductintroduction,andanswerthenewcomer'squestions.‍

burnoutBurnoutisaconditionofmental,emotional,andsometimesphysicalexhaustionthatresultsfromsubstantialprolongedstress.‍

businessagentAbusinessagentisafull-timeemployeeofalocal（usually‍craft）union.Thebusinessagenthelpsemployeesresolvetheirproblems‍withmanagement.‍

businessunionismBusinessunionismdescribesunionsthatseektoimprove‍thewages,hours,andworkingconditionsoftheirmembersinabusiness‍likemanner.（Seesocialunionism.）‍

buy-backBuy-backsoccurwhenanemployeewhoattemptstoresignisconvincedtostayintheemploymentoftheorganization.Normallythepersonis"boughtback"withanofferofincreasedwagesorsalary.‍

CafeteriabenefitprogramsCafeteriabenefitprogramsallowemployeesto‍selectthefringebenefitsandservicesthatanswertheirindividualneeds.‍

careerAcareerisallthejobsthatareheldduringone'sworkinglife.‍

careercounselingCareercounselingassistsemployeesinfindingappropriatecareergoalsandpaths.‍careerdevelopmentCareerdevelopmentconsistsofthoseexperiencesand‍personalimprovementsthatoneundertakestoachieveacareerplan.‍

careergoalsCareergoalsarethefuturepositionsthatonestrivestoreach.‍Thesegoalsserveasbenchmarksalongone'scareerpath.‍

careerpathAcareerpathisthesequentialpatternofjobsthatformone's‍career.‍

careerplanningCareerplanningistheprocessbywhichoneselectscareer‍goalsandpathstothosegoals.‍

careerplateauAcareerplateauoccurswhenanemployeeisinaposition‍thatheorshedoeswellenoughnottobedemotedorfiredbutnotwell‍enoughtobepromoted.‍

changeagentsChangeagentsarepeoplewhohavetheroleofstimulating‍changewithinagroup.‍

checkoffAcheckoffprovisioninaunion-managementlaboragreementrequirestheemployertodeductunionduesfromemployeepaychecksand‍toremitthosemoneystotheunion.‍

CivilRightsActof1964Thisactwaspassedtomakevariousformsofdiscriminationillegal.‍

closedshopAclosedshopisaworkplacewhereallemployeesarerequired‍tobemembersoftheunionbeforetheyarehired.Thesearrangements‍areillegalundertheNationalLaborRelationsAct.‍

codeterminationCodeterminationisaformofindustrialdemocracyfirst‍popularizedinWestGermany.Itgivesworkerstherighttohaverepresentativesvoteonmanagementdecisions.‍

coinsuranceclauseAcoinsuranceclauseisaprovisioninaninsurancepolicythatrequirestheemployeetopayapercentageoftheinsured's‍expenses‍

communicationCommunicationisthetransferofinformationandunderstandingfromonepersontoanother.‍

comparableworthComparableworthistheideathatajobshouldbeevaluatedastoitsvaluetotheorganizationandthenpaidaccordingly.Thus‍jobsofcomparableworthwouldbepaidequally.Forexample,twopeople‍withwidelydifferentjobswouldbothreceivethesamepayifthetwo‍jobswereofequalvaluetotheemployer.‍

comparativeevaluationapproachesComparativeevaluationapproachesare‍acollectionofdifferentmethodsthatcompareoneperson'sperformance‍withthatofco-workers.‍

compensationCompensationiswhatemployeesreceiveinexchangefortheir‍work.‍

ComprehensiveEmploymentandTrainingActof1973（CETA）CETAwasa‍broad-rangingactdesignedtoprovidejobtraining,employment,andjob‍huntingassistancetolessadvantagedpersons.Ithassincebeenreplaced‍bytheJobPartnershipTrainingAct.‍‍

concentrationinemploymentConcentrationexistswhenanemployer（or‍somesubdivisionsuchasadepartment）hasahigherproportionofemployeesfromaprotectedclassthanisfoundintheemployer'slabormarket.（Seeunderutilization.）‍

concessionarybargainingConcessionarybargainingoccurswhenlabor‍managementn