剑桥910考官范文.docx
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剑桥910考官范文
剑桥9-10-考官范文
(C9T1WT2)
Someexpertsbelievethatitisbetterforchildrentobeginlearningaforeignlanguageatprimaryschoolratherthansecondaryschool.Dotheadvantagesofthisoutweighthedisadvantages?
Traditionally,childrenhavebegunstudyingforeignlanguagesatsecondaryschool,butintroducingthemearlierisrecommendedbysomeeducationalists.Thispolicyhasbeenadoptedbysomeeducationalauthoritiesorindividualschools,withbothpositiveandnegativeoutcomes.
Theobviousargumentinitsfavoristhatyoungchildrenpickuplanguagesmuchmoreeasilythanteenagers.Theirbrainsarestillprogrammedtoacquiretheirmothertongue,whichfacilitateslearninganotherlanguage,andunlikeadolescents,theyarenotinhabitedbyself-consciousness.
Thegreaterflexibilityoftheprimarytimetableallowsformorefrequent,shortersessionsandforaplay-centeredapproach,thusmaintaininglearners'enthusiasmandprogress.Theircommandofthelanguageinlaterlifewillbenefitfromthisearlyexposure,whilelearningotherlanguagessubsequentlywillbeeasierforthem.Theymayalsogainabetterunderstandingofothercultures.
Theyare,however,somedisadvantages.Primaryschoolteachersaregeneralists,andmaynothavethenecessarylanguageskillsthemselves.Ifspecialistshavetobebroughtintodeliverthesesessions,theflexibilityreferredtoaboveisdiminished.ifprimarylanguageteachingisnot standardized,secondaryschoolsintake,resultinginaclassroomexperiencewhichundoestheearliergains.Thereisnoadvantageifenthusiasticprimarypupilsbecomedemotivatedassoonastheychangeschools.However,theseissuescanbeaddressedstrategicallywithinthepolicyadopted.
Anythingwhichencourageslanguagelearningbenefitssocietyculturallyandeconomically,andearlyexposuretolanguagelearningcontributestothis.Youngchildren'sinnateabilitiesshouldbeharnessedtomakethesebenefitsmoreachievable.
C9T2WT1
Thechartbelowshowsthetotalnumberofminutes(inbillions)oftelephonecallsintheUK,dividedintothreecategories,from1995-2002.Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.
ThechartshowsthetimespentbyUKresidentsondifferenttypesoftelephonecallsbetween1995and2002.
Localfixedlinecallswerethehighestthroughouttheperiod,risingfrom72billionminutesin1995tojustunder90billionin1998.Afterpeakingat90billionthefollowingyear,thesecallshadfallenbacktothe1995figureby2002.
Nationalandinternationalfixedlinecallsgrewsteadilyfrom38billionto61billionattheendoftheperiodinquestion,thoughthegrowthslowedoverthelasttwoyears.
Therewasadramaticincreaseinmobilecallsfrom2billionto46billionminutes.Thisrisewasparticularlynoticeablebetween1999and2002,duringwhichtimetheuseofmobilephonestripled.
Tosumup,althoughlocalfixedlinecallswerestillthemostpopularin2002,thegapbetweenthethreecategorieshadnarrowedconsiderablyoverthesecondhalfoftheperiodinquestion.
C9T3WT2
Somepeoplesaythatthebestwaytoimprovepublichealthisbyincreasingthenumberofsportsfacilities.Others,however,saythatthiswouldhavelittleeffectonpublichealthandthatothermeasuresarerequired.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.
Aproblemofmodernsocietiesisthedeclininglevelofhealthinthegeneralpopulation,withconflictingviewsonhowtotacklethisworryingtrend.Onepossiblesolutionistoprovidemoresportsfacilitiestoencourageamoreactivelifestyle.
Advocatesofthisbelievethattoday’ssedentarylifestyleandstressfulworkingconditionsmeanthatphysicalactivityisnolongerpartofeitherourworkorourleisuretime.Iftherewereeasy-toreachlocalsportscentres,wewouldbemorelikelytomakeexercisearegularpartofourlives,ratherthanjustcollapsinginfrontofascreeneveryevening.Thevarietyofsportsthatcouldbeofferedwouldcaterforallages,levelsoffitnessandinterests;thosewithpainfulmemoriesofPEatschoolmightbehappierintheswimmingpoolthanonthefootballpitch.
However,theremaybebetterwaysoftacklingthisproblem.Interestinsportisnotuniversal,andadditionalfacilitiesmightsimplyattractthealreadyfit,notthosewhomostneedthem.Physicalactivitycouldbeencouragedrelativelycheaply,forexamplebyinstallingexerciseequipmentinparks,asmylocalcouncilhasdone.Thishastheaddedbenefitthatparentsandchildrenoftenusethemtogetherjustforfun,whichdevelopsapositiveattitudetoexerciseatanearlyage.
Aswellasphysicalactivity,hightaxpenaltiescouldbeimposedonhigh-fatfoodproducts,tobaccoandalcohol,asexcessiveconsumptionofanyofthesecontributestopoorhealth.Evenimprovingpublictransportwouldhelp:
ittakeslongertowalktothebusstopthantothecar.
Inmyopinion,focusingonsportsfacilitiesistoonarrowanapproachandwouldnothavethedesiredresults.Peopleshouldbeencouragednotonlytobemorephysicallyactivebutalsotoadoptahealthierlifestyleingeneral.
C9T4WT1
Thegraphbelowgivesinformationfroma2008reportaboutconsumptionofenergyintheUSAsince1980withprojectionsuntil2030.
ThegraphshowsenergyconsumptionintheUSfrom1980to2012,andprojectedconsumptionto2030.
Petrolandoilarethedominantfuelsourcesthroughoutthisperiod,with35quadrillion(35q)unitsusedin1980,risingto42qin2012.Despitesomeinitialfluctuation,from1995therewasasteadyincrease.Thisisexpectedtocontinue,reaching47qin2030.
Consumptionofenergyderivedfromnaturalgasandcoalissimilarovertheperiod.From20qand15qrespectivelyin1980,gasshowedaninitialfallandcoalagradualincrease,withthetwofuelsequalbetween1985and1990.Consumptionhasfluctuatedsince1990butbothnowprovide24q.Coalispredictedtoincreasesteadilyto31qin2030,whereasafter2014,gaswillremainstableat25q.
In1980,energyfromnuclear,hydro-andsolar/windpowerwasequalatonly4q.Nuclearhasrisenby3q,andsolar/windby2.Afterslightincreases,hydropowerhasfallenbacktothe1980figure.Itisexpectedtomaintainthisleveluntil2030,whiletheothersshouldriseslightlyafter2025.
Overall,theUSwillcontinuetorelyonfossilfuels,withsustainableandnuclearenergysourcesremainingrelativelyinsignificant.
C10T1WT1
Itisimportantforchildrentolearnthedifferencebetweenrightadwrongatanearlyage.Punishmentisnecessarytohelpthemlearnthisdistinction.ToWhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?
Whatsortofpunishmentshouldparentsandteachersbeallowedtousetoteachgoodbehaviourtochildren?
OneImportantstageinachild’sgrowthiscertainlythedevelopmentofaconscience,whichislinkedtotheabilitytotellrightfromwrong.Thisskillcomeswithtimeandgoodparenting,andmyfirmconvictionisthatpunishmentdoesnothavemuchofaroletoplayinthis.ThereforeIhavetodisagreealmostentirelywiththegivenstatement.
Tosomeextentthequestiondependsontheageofthechild.Topunishaveryyoungchildisbothwrongandfoolish,asaninfantwillnotunderstandwhatishappeningorwhyheorsheisbeingpunished.Oncetheageofreasonisreachedhowever,achildcanberewardedforagoodbehaviouranddiscouragedfrombad.Thiskindbutfirmapproachwillachievemorethanharshpunishments,whichmightentailmanynegativeconsequencesunintendedbytheparents.
Tohelpchildlearnthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong,teachersandparentsshouldfirstlyprovidegoodrolemodellingintheirownbehaviour.Afterthat,ifsanctionsareneeded,thepunishmentshouldnotbeofaphysicalnature,asthatmerelysendsthemessagethatitisacceptableforlargerpeopletohitsmallerones–anoutcomewhichmaywellresultinthechildstartingtobullyothers.Norshouldthepunishmentbeinanywaycruel.
Rather,teacherandparentscanuseavarietyofmethodstodisciplinetheiryoungcharges,suchasdetention,withdrawalofprivileges,andtime-out.Makingthepunishmentfitthecrimeisausefulnotion,whichwouldseechildrenbeingmadetopickuprubbishtheyhavedropped,cleanupgraffititheyhavedrawn,orapologisetosomeonetheyhavehurt.Inthesewaysresponsibilityisdevelopedinthechild,whichleadstomuchbetterfuturebehaviourthandoespunishment.
C10T2WT2
ThetablesbelowiveinformationaboutsalesofFairtrade-labelledcoffeeandbananasin1999and2004nfiveEuropeancountries.
Coffee
1999
(millionsofeuros)
2004
(millionsofeuros)
UK
1.5
20
Switzerland
3
6
Denmark
1.8
2
Belgium
1
1.7
Sweden
0.8
1
Bananas
1999
(millionsofeuros)
2004
(millionsofeuros)
UK
15
47
Switzerland
1
5.5
Denmark
0.6
4
Belgium
1.8
1
Sweden
2
0.9
ThetwotablescontainsalesdataforFairtradecoffeeandbananasin1999and2004,infivenationsofEurope.
Thefirsttableshowslow-levelcoffeesalesinincreasinginallfivecountries,albeittowidelyvaryingdegrees.Intwoplacessalesincreasedbythesamesmallamount:
1.8–2millioneurosinDenmark,and0.8-1millioninSweden.TheincrementwasslightlylargerinBelgium,from1-1.7millioneuros.Meanwhile,inSwitzerlandsalesdoubledfrom3-6millioneuros.Finally,intheUKtherewasanenormousincrease,from1.5-20millioneuros.
Inthesecondtable,itisSwitzerlandwhichstandsoutasbuyingfarmoreFairtradebananasthantheotherfourcountries.Swisssalesfiguresjumpedfor15-47millioneurosacrossthesefiveyears,whileintheUKandBelgiumsalesonlygrewfrom