中英文珍贵跨文化交际学概论课件资料全.docx

中英文珍贵跨文化交际学概论课件资料全.docx

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中英文珍贵跨文化交际学概论课件资料全

I.CultureandInterculturalCommunication

Culture:

●Culturemaybedefinedaswhatasocietydoesandthinks.（Sapir,1921）

●Culturereferstothetotalwayoflifeofparticulargroupsofpeople.Itincludeseverythingthatagroupofpeoplethinks,says,does,andmakes.（R.Kohls,1979）

●Cultureisalearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople.文化是习得的一套关于信仰、价值观、规的公认的解释，这些信仰、价值观、规对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

TheCharacteristicsofCulture:

1.Cultureisnotinnate;itislearned;

2.Cultureistransmissiblefrompersontoperson,grouptogroup,andgenerationtogeneration;

3.Cultureisadynamicsystemthatchangescontinuouslyovertime;

4.Cultureisselective;（everyculturerepresentsalimitedchoiceofbehaviorpatterns）

5.Cultureiscomposedofinterrelatedfacets;

6.Cultureisethnocentric（centerednessonone’sowngroup）.

TheAmericansociolinguistD.Hymespointedoutthatpeoplewithcommunicativecompetenceshouldknowwhen,whereandwhattospeaktowhomandhow.

Modelsofcommunication

Theoretically,themodelofcommunicationisalwaysdescribedinthefollowingway:

Communicationisexchanginginformationintheformofmessages,symbols,thoughts,signsandopinions.

TheIngredientsofCulture

●Language;

●Religion;

●Valuesandattitudes;

●Education;

●Socialorganization;

●Technologyandmaterialculture;

●Politics;

●Law

InterculturalCommunication（IC）

●Initsmostgeneralsense,ICreferstothoseoccasionswhenamemberofone

cultureproducesamessageforconsumptionbyamemberofanotherculture.（p70,Samovar&Porter）

●Moreprecisely,ICreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculture

perceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.（p70,Samovar&Porter）跨文化交际:

指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人们之间进行的交际。

胡文仲：

具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际。

Timeorientation:

（Hall,1976）:

美国人类学家霍尔（EdwardHall）在《超越文化》（BeyondCulture）一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即“单向计时制”（monochronictime）和“多向计时制”（polychronictime）.

1.MonochronicTime（M-Time）

Itschedulesoneeventatatime.Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture.e.g.AmericanPeople

1.1单向计时制重视日程安排、阶段时间和准时;

1.2认为“时间是线性的、可分割的，就像一条道路或带子向前伸展到未来，向后延伸到过去”。

1.3认为同时做两件事几乎有点不道德;

1.4持有这种时间取向的英美人士把时间看成具体实在（tangible）的东西,可以节省（save）、花费（spend）、赚得（earn）、浪费（waste）、失去（lose）、弥补（makeup）、计量（measure）、甚至当成商品一样买卖（buy,sell）和拥有（have）。

美国人特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动,强调守时,严格按照日程一次做一件事情（doonethingatatime）.

2.PolychronicTime（P-Time）

2.1P-timeschedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Itisflexibleandmorehumanistic.

2.2PeoplefromP-timesystememphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules.Theydonotseeappointmentsasironcladcommitmentsandoftenbreakthem.

e.g.Chinese,LatinAmerican,ArabandmostAsiancultures

NegativeimpactsinIC:

1.Ethnocentrism

2.AnxietyandUncertainty

3.Stereotypes

4.Prejudice

5.Discrimination&Racism

1.Ethnocentrism

Ifpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors.

2.AnxietyandUncertainty

2.1Anxietyreferstothefeelingofbeinguneasy,tense,worried,orapprehensiveaboutwhatmighthappy.

2.2Uncertaintyreferstoourinabilitytopredictorexplainothers’behavior,feelings,attitudes,behavior,orvalues.

Ourabilitytocommunicateeffectivelyisbased,atleastinpart,onourabilitytomanageouranxietyanduncertainty.

AnxietyandUncertaintyManagement（AUM）Theory（Gudykunst,1995）：

AUMmanagementtheorysuggeststhateffectiveinterpersonalandintergroupcommunicationisafunctionofhowindividualsmanagetheanxietyanduncertaintytheyexperiencewhencommunicating

withothers.

3.Stereotypes

3.1Stereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatareusedtostandfortheentirecollectionofpeople.（WalterLippmann）

3.2Humanbeingshaveapsychologicalneedtocategorizeandclassify.

4.Prejudice

Itreferstonegativeattitudestowardsotherpeoplethatarebasedonfaultyandinflexiblestereotypes.Itisanunfair,biased,orintolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.（Lusting&Koester）

5.Discrimination

Itreferstothebehavioralmanifestationsoftheprejudice,itcanbethoughtofasprejudice“inaction”.（Lusting&Koester）

Racism

Thebeliefthatraceaccountsfordifferencesinhumancharacterorabilityandthataparticularraceissuperiortoothers.

Ethnocentrism:

Ifpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors.

IndividualismandCollectivism

Individualism-collectivismisthemajordimensionofculturalvariabilityusedtoexplaincross-culturaldifferencesandsimilaritiesincommunicationacrossculture.

IndividualisticCulture

（liberalism）:

individualstendtodefinethemselvesbytheextenttowhichtheyaredifferentfrom,ratherthansimilartoothers.Peopleareencouragedtodisplayself-confidenceandassertiveness,disclosureofpersonalthoughtsandfeelings.

Collectivisticculture

（Confucianism）:

placeslittlevalueonindividualidentityandgreatvalueongroupidentity.Going

one'sownwayisnotvalued;uniformityandconformityarestressed.

1.Individualism

Individualstendtodefinethemselvesbytheextenttowhichtheyaredifferentfrom，ratherthansimilartoothers.Peopleareencouragedtodisplayself-confidenceandassertiveness,disclosureofpersonalthoughtsandfeelings.

Individualisticcultures:

Australia,Belgium,Canada,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,U.K.,Ireland,Isreal,Italy,Netherlands,NewZealand,Norway,SouthAfrica,Sweden,Switerland，U.S.A.

2.Collectivism

Collectivistculturesplacelittlevalueonindividualidentityandgreatvalueongroupidentity.Theyhavebeenlabeledas“we”culturesbecausebasicunitisthein-grouporcollective.

Collectivisticcultures:

Brazil,China,Colombia,Egypt,Greece,India,Japan,Kenya,Korea,Mexico,Nigeria,Pakistan,Peru,SaudiArabia,Thailand,Venezuela,Vietnam.

Individualism-collectivismisexpectedtoaffectcommunicationmainlythrough:

•Influenceongroupidentities;

•Differentiationbetweeningroupandoutgroupcommunication.

•Bothindividualismandcollectivismexistinallcultures;

•Self-orientationinvolvesthe“pursuitofprivateinterests”;

•Collectivityorientationinvolvesthe“pursuitofthecommoninterestsofthecollectivity”.

Comparingmajorcharacteristics:

Individualisticculture:

●Emphasisonindividual’sgoals,self-realization;

●Littledifferencesbetweeningroupandoutgroupcommunication;

●Independentselfconstrual---“I”identity;

●Low-contextcommunicationwhichisdirect,precise,andabsolute.

Collectivisticculture:

●Emphasisoningroup’sgoals---fittingintotheingroup;

●Largedifferencesbetweeningroupandoutgroupcommunication;

●Interdependentselfconstrual---“we”identity;

●High-contextcommunicationwhichisindirect,imprecise,andprobabilistic.

High-contextcommunication:

Mostoftheinformationiseitherinthephysicalcontextorinternalizedintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecode,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage（indirect,ambiguousandunderstated（轻描淡写）---collectivisticcultures）.

Low-contextcommunication:

Themassofinformationisgivenintheexplicitcode（direct,explicit,open,precise,andconsistentwithone’sfeelings---individualisticcultures）.

II.Cross-gendercommunication

Thecloseryouaretosomeone,andthelongeryouhavebeenclose,themoreyouhavetolosewhenyouopenyourmouth.---DeborahTannen

Whyso?

1.Wedon’trealizethatcommunicationisinherentlyambiguous;

2.Conversationalstylesdiffer;

3.Weexpecttobeunderstoodifthereislove….

Gender-basedcommunicationstyles:

1.rapport---report

2.connection---status

3.problems---solutions

4.listening---lecturing

5.Intimacy---independence

6.relationship---information

7.Inclusive---exclusive

8.novice---expert

9.community---contest

Humansarebornwithdifferentbiologicalsexes,andtheirculturehelpsthemtobeeducatedintodifferentgendersthroughtheprocessofsocialization.

Genderedwomenandmenareconsideredtwodifferentbranchesofsubculture.Inthissense,cross-gendercommunicationisakindofcross-culturecommunication.

Sternberg’sTriangularTheoryofLove:

•Thereareeighttypesofintimaterelationships;

•Intimaterelationshipscouldbeanalyzedbyexaminingthreecomponents:

1.Intimacy---feelingsofcloseness,sharing,communication,andsupport;

2.Passion---intensedesiretobeunitedwiththelovedone;

3.Commitment---boththeshort-termdecisiontoloveanotherandthelongertermcommitmenttomaintainit.

BrownandLevinson’snotionofpolitenessstrategies:

Theface-savingviewofpolitenessdrivesfromBrownandLevinson（1978）,anditwouldbenoexaggerationtosaythatithasbeenmostinfluentialinprovidingaparadigmforlinguisticpolitenesswhichgoesbeyondamereextensionoftheGriceanmaxims（CP:

数量、质量、关系、方式）.---RichardJ.Watts

BrownandLevinson’snegativeandpositivepolitenessstrategies:

积极礼貌的核心：

寻找共同点，表达赞成和赞美，保持亲密关系。

消极礼貌的核心：

用于适当增加距离，表达尊重和给予自由，减少冲突，使交流得以顺利进行。

FunctionsofBrownandLevinson’snegativeandpositivepolitenessstrategies:

有意识地应用礼貌策略，可以在充分发挥亲密关系作用的同时，适当调整距离，减少存在于亲密关系基础中阻碍交流的障碍，提高交流的质量。

MarkTwainoncesaid,“Icanlivefortwomonthsonagoodcompliment.”…Manycoupleshaveneverlearnedthetre